Abstract
Background
Computed tomography enterography (CTE) may detect the presence, severity, and extent of bowel inflammation in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). The aim of our study was to assess, among a cohort of 22 histologically proven CD patients, the prevalence of disease distribution, behavior, anastomotic recurrence and extraintestinal manifestations detected by an original CTE technique.
Methods
Two radiologists reviewed 221 CTEs performed providing both small and large bowel distension by oral administration of neutral contrast material and trans-rectal introduction of a water enema (CTE-WE).
Results
Ileal CD was detected in 116 CTE-WEs (52.4%), including 71/116 (61.2%) non-stricturing/non-penetrating, 17/116 (14.6%) stricturing, and 28/116 (24.1%) penetrating forms. Colonic CD was appreciable in 35 (15.8%) patients, including 18/35 (51.4%) non-stricturing/non-penetrating, 6/35 (17.1%) stricturing, and 11/35 (31.4%) penetrating forms. Ileocolic CD was present in 52 (23.5%) CTE-WEs, including 30/52 (57.7%) non-stricturing/ non-penetrating; 3/52 (5.7%) stricturing, and 19/52 (36.5%) penetrating forms. In 10/221 patients (4.5%), upper gastrointestinal involvement (UGI) was present. Perianal disease was observed in 17/221 patients (7.7%). Fistulas were present in 52 (23.5%) and abscesses in 24 (10.8%) CTE-WEs, respectively. Among 57/221 (25.8%) patients who had undergone a disease-related intestinal resection, in 30/57 cases (52.6%) CD recurrence at the anastomosis was present. 4/221 patients (1.8%) with a histologically confirmed intestinal neoplastic stenosis were observed. Sacroiliitis (24%) was found to be prevalent over hepatic steatosis (10.8%), cholelithiasis (8.6%), and nephrolithiasis (4%).
Conclusions
CTE-WE represents a comprehensive imaging technique which may demonstrate bowel inflammation and CD extraintestinal manifestations. A peculiar prevalence of UGI involvement and neoplastic strictures were observed. In our study the prevalence of sacroiliitis resulted higher than previously reported.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- IBD:
-
Inflammatory bowel disease
- CT:
-
Computed tomography
- CTE:
-
Computed tomography enterography
- CTE-WE:
-
Computed tomography enterography with water enema
- CD:
-
Crohn’s disease
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- UGI:
-
Upper gastrointestinal
References
Freeman HJ (2003) Natural history and clinical behavior of Crohn’s disease extending beyond two decades. J Clin Gastroenterol 37:216–219
Soyer P, Boudiaf M, Sirol M, et al. (2010) Suspected anastomotic recurrence of Crohn disease after ileocolic resection: evaluation with CT enteroclysis. Radiology 254(3):755–764
Minordi LM, Vecchioli A, Poloni G, et al. (2009) Enteroclysis CT and PEG-CT in patients with previous small-bowel surgical resection for Crohn’ disease: CT findings and correlation with endoscopy. Eur Radiol 19(10):2432–2440
Freeman HJ (2008) Colorectal cancer risk in Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 14(12):1810–1811
Soyer P, Hristova L, Boudghène F, Hoeffel C, Dray X, Laurent V, Fishman EK, Boudiaf M (2011) Small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn disease: CT-enterography features with pathological correlation. Abdom Imaging. doi:10.1007/s00261-011-9772-3
Morson BC (1968) Histopathology of Crohn’s disease. Proc R Soc Med 61(1):79–81
Louis E, Collard A, Oger AF, et al. (2001) Behaviour of Crohn’s disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease. Gut 49(6):777–782
Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006) The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut 55(6):749–753
Juillerat P, Mottet C, Pittet V, et al. (2007) Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease. Digestion 76(2):141–148
Fraquelli M, Colli A, Casazza G, et al. (2005) Role of US in detection of Crohn disease: meta-analysis. Radiology 236(1):95–101
Calabrese E, La Seta F, Buccellato A, et al. (2005) Crohn’s disease: a comparative prospective study of transabdominal ultrasonography, small intestine contrast ultrasonography, and small bowel enema. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11:139–145
Parente F, Greco S, Molteni M, et al. (2004) Oral contrast enhanced bowel ultrasonography in the assessment of small intestine Crohn’s disease. A prospective comparison with conventional ultrasound, X-ray studies, and ileocolonoscopy. Gut 53:1652–1657
Parente F, Maconi G, Bollani S, et al. (2002) Bowel ultrasound in assessment of Crohn’s disease and detection of related small bowel strictures: a prospective comparative study versus X-ray and intraoperative findings. Gut 50:490–495
Maconi G, Sampietro GM, Parente F, et al. (2003) Contrast radiology, computed tomography and ultrasonography in detecting internal fistulas and intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn’s disease: a prospective comparative study. Am J Gastroenterol 98:1545–1555
Siddiki HA, Fidler JL, Fletcher JG, et al. (2009) Prospective comparison of state-of-the-art MR enterography and CT enterography in small-bowel Crohn’s disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193(1):113–121
Bruining DH, Siddiki HA, Fletcher JG, et al. (2009) Prevalence of penetrating disease and extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease detected with CT enterography. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14(12):1701–1706
Dougeni E, Faulkner K, Panayiotakis G (2011) A review of patient dose and optimisation methods in adult and paediatric CT scanning. Eur J Radiol. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.05.025
Furukawa A, Saotome T, Yamasaki M, et al. (2004) Cross-sectional imaging in Crohn disease. Radiographics 24(3):689–702
Meyers MA, McGuire PV (1995) Spiral CT demonstration of hypervascularity in Crohn disease: “vascular jejunization of the ileum” or the “comb sign”. Abdom Imaging 20(4):327–332
Lahat A, Chowers Y (2007) The patient with recurrent (sub) obstruction due to Crohn’s disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 21(3):427–444
Dillman JR, Adler J, Zimmermann EM, Strouse PJ (2010) CT enterography of pediatric Crohn disease. Pediatr Radiol 40(1):97–105
Fuchsjäger MH (2002) The small-bowel feces sign. Radiology 225(2):378–379
Booya F, Akram S, Fletcher JG, et al. (2009) CT enterography and fistulizing Crohn’s disease: clinical benefit and radiographic findings. Abdom Imaging 34(4):467–475
Dale K, Vinje O (1985) Radiography of the spine and sacro-iliac joints in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 26(2):145–159
Freeman HJ (2009) Long-term natural history of Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 15(11):1315–1318
Banerjee S, Peppercorn MA (2002) Inflammatory bowel disease. Medical therapy of specific clinical presentations. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 31:185–202
Chow DK, Sung JJ, Wu JC, et al. (2009) Upper gastrointestinal tract phenotype of Crohn’s disease is associated with early surgery and further hospitalization. Inflamm Bowel Dis 15(4):551–557
Lewis RT, Maron DJ, Anorectal Crohn’s disease (2010) Surg Clin North Am 90(1):83–97
Baars JE, Thijs JC, Bac DJ, et al. (2011) Small bowel carcinoma mimicking a relapse of Crohn’s disease: a case series. J Crohn’s Colitis 5(2):152–156
Tirkes AT, Duerinckx AJ (2005) Adenocarcinoma of the ileum in Crohn disease. Abdom Imaging 30:671–673
Geijer M, Sihlbom H, Göthlin JH, Nordborg E (1998) The role of CT in the diagnosis of sacro-iliitis. Acta Radiol 39(3):265–268
Ishii G, Nakajima K, Tanaka N, et al. (2009) Clinical evaluation of urolithiasis in Crohn’s disease. Int J Urol 16(5):477–480
Parente F, Pastore L, Bargiggia S, et al. (2007) Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a large case-control study. Hepatology 45(5):1267–1274
Parente F, Greco S, Molteni M, et al. (2004) Modern imaging of Crohn’s disease using bowel ultrasound. Inflamm Bowel Di. 10:452–461
Bru C, Sans M, Defelitto MM, et al. (2001) Hydrocolonic sonography for evaluating inflammatory bowel disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177(1):99–105
Hara AK, Swartz PG (2009) CT enterography of Crohn’s disease. Abdom Imaging. 34(3):289–295
Horsthuis K, Bipat S, Bennink RJ, Stoker J (2008) Inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed with US, MR, scintigraphy, and CT: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Radiology 247:64–79
Oommen J, Oto A (2011) Contrast-enhanced MRI of the small bowel in Crohn’s disease. Abdom Imaging 36(2):134–141
Ippolito D, Invernizzi F, Galimberti S, Panelli MR, Sironi S (2010) MR enterography with polyethylene glycol as oral contrast medium in the follow-up of patients with Crohn disease: comparison with CT enterography. Abdom Imaging 35(5):563–570
Sinha R, Verma R, Verma S, Rajesh A (2011) MR enterography of Crohn disease: part 1, rationale, technique, and pitfalls. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197(1):76–79
Del Vescovo R, Sansoni I, Caviglia R, et al. (2007) Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the terminal ileum: differentiation of activity of Crohn’s disease. Abdom Imaging 33:417–424
Giusti S, Faggioni L, Neri E, et al. (2010) Dynamic MRI of the small bowel: usefulness of quantitative contrast-enhancement parameters and time-signal intensity curves for differentiating between active and inactive Crohn’s disease. Abdom Imaging 35(6):646–653
Bodily KD, Fletcher JG, Solem CA, et al. (2006) Crohn disease: mural attenuation and thickness at contrast-enhanced CT enterography—correlation with endoscopic and histologic findings of inflammation. Radiology 238:505–516
Colombel JF, Solem CA, Sandborn WJ, et al. (2006) Quantitative measurement and visual assessment of ileal Crohn’s disease activity by computed tomography enterography: correlation with endoscopic severity and C reactive protein. Gut 55:1561–1567
Solem CA, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, et al. (2005) Correlation of C-reactive protein with clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11:707–712
Dave-Verma H, Moore S, Singh A, Martins N, Zawacki J (2008) Computed tomographic enterography and enteroclysis: pearls and pitfalls. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 37(6):279–287 (Review.)
Minordi LM, Vecchioli A, Mirk P, Bonomo L (2011) CT enterography with polyethylene glycol solution vs. CT enteroclysis in small bowel disease. Br J Radiol 84(998):112–119
Wold PB, Fletcher JG, Johnson CD, Sandborn WJ (2003) Assessment of small bowel Crohn disease: noninvasive peroral CT enterography compared with other imaging methods and endoscopy—feasibility study. Radiology 229(1):275–281
Johnson KT, Hara AK, Johnson CD (2009) Evaluation of colitis: usefulness of CT enterography technique. Emerg Radiol 16(4):277–282
Rimola J, Ordás I, Rodríguez S, Panés J (2010) Colonic Crohn’s disease: value of magnetic resonance colonography for detection and quantification of disease activity. Abdom Imaging 35(4):422–427
Narin B, Ajaj W, Göhde S, et al. (2004) Combined small and large bowel MR imaging in patients with Crohn’s disease: a feasibility study. Eur Radiol 14:1535–1542
Ajaj WM, Lauenstein TC, Pelster G, et al. (2005) Magnetic resonance colonography for the detection of inflammatory diseases of the large bowel: quantifying the inflammatory activity. Gut 54:257–263
Rimola J, Rodrı′guez S, Garcìa-Bosch O, et al. (2009) Magnetic resonance for assessment of disease activity and severity in Crohn disease. Gut 58(8):1113–1120
Maglinte DD, Sandrasegaran K, Lappas JC, Chiorean M (2007) CT enteroclysis. Radiology 245(3):661–671
Kohli MD, Maglinte DD (2009) CT enteroclysis in small bowel Crohn’s disease. Eur J Radiol 69(3):398–403
Pickhardt PJ (2011) The peroral pneumocolon revisited: a valuable fluoroscopic and CT technique for ileocecal evaluation. Abdom Imaging. doi:10.1007/s00261-011-9766-1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Paparo, F., Bacigalupo, L., Garello, I. et al. Crohn’s disease: prevalence of intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations detected by computed tomography enterography with water enema. Abdom Imaging 37, 326–337 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-011-9832-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-011-9832-8