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Systematic imaging in medicine: a comprehensive review

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Abstract

Systematic imaging can be broadly defined as the systematic identification and characterization of biological processes at multiple scales and levels. In contrast to “classical” diagnostic imaging, systematic imaging emphasizes on detecting the overall abnormalities including molecular, functional, and structural alterations occurring during disease course in a systematic manner, rather than just one aspect in a partial manner. Concomitant efforts including improvement of imaging instruments, development of novel imaging agents, and advancement of artificial intelligence are warranted for achievement of systematic imaging. It is undeniable that scientists and radiologists will play a predominant role in directing this burgeoning field. This article introduces several recent developments in imaging modalities and nanoparticles-based imaging agents, and discusses how systematic imaging can be achieved. In the near future, systematic imaging which combines multiple imaging modalities with multimodal imaging agents will pave a new avenue for comprehensive characterization of diseases, successful achievement of image-guided therapy, precise evaluation of therapeutic effects, and rapid development of novel pharmaceuticals, with the final goal of improving human health-related outcomes.

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Funding

This work was funded by the grants from the National Key Research and the Development Program of China (no. 2016YFA0100900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (no. 81725009, 81761148029, 21788102, 81900255, 82030049), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2020FZZX001-05).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Kai Zhang, Yujie Sun and Shuang Wu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China

    Kai Zhang, Shuang Wu, Min Zhou, Xiaohui Zhang, Rui Zhou, Tingting Zhang, Yuanxue Gao, Ting Chen, Yao Chen, Mei Tian & Hong Zhang

  2. Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan

    Kai Zhang & Yasuyoshi Watanabe

  3. State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Yujie Sun

  4. Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Min Zhou

  5. Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

    Xin Yao

  6. Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Hong Zhang

  7. The College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Hong Zhang

Authors
  1. Kai Zhang
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  2. Yujie Sun
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  3. Shuang Wu
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  4. Min Zhou
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  5. Xiaohui Zhang
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  6. Rui Zhou
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  7. Tingting Zhang
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  8. Yuanxue Gao
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  9. Ting Chen
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  10. Yao Chen
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  11. Xin Yao
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  12. Yasuyoshi Watanabe
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  13. Mei Tian
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  14. Hong Zhang
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yasuyoshi Watanabe, Mei Tian or Hong Zhang.

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The funding sources had no role in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Zhang, K., Sun, Y., Wu, S. et al. Systematic imaging in medicine: a comprehensive review. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 48, 1736–1758 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05107-z

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