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Genetic and metabolic analysis of the carbofuran catabolic pathway in Novosphingobium sp. KN65.2

  • Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology
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Abstract

The widespread agricultural application of carbofuran and concomitant contamination of surface and ground waters has raised health concerns due to the reported toxic effects of this insecticide and its degradation products. Most bacteria that degrade carbofuran only perform partial degradation involving carbamate hydrolysis without breakdown of the resulting phenolic metabolite. The capacity to mineralize carbofuran beyond the benzofuran ring has been reported for some bacterial strains, especially sphingomonads, and some common metabolites, including carbofuran phenol, were identified. In the current study, the catabolism of carbofuran by Novosphingobium sp. KN65.2 (LMG 28221), a strain isolated from a carbofuran-exposed Vietnamese soil and utilizing the compound as a sole carbon and nitrogen source, was studied. Several KN65.2 plasposon mutants with diminished or abolished capacity to degrade and mineralize carbofuran were generated and characterized. Metabolic profiling of representative mutants revealed new metabolic intermediates, in addition to the initial hydrolysis product carbofuran phenol. The promiscuous carbofuran-hydrolyzing enzyme Mcd, which is present in several bacteria lacking carbofuran ring mineralization capacity, is not encoded by the Novosphingobium sp. KN65.2 genome. An alternative hydrolase gene required for this step was not identified, but the constitutively expressed genes of the unique cfd operon, including the oxygenase genes cfdC and cfdE, could be linked to further degradation of the phenolic metabolite. A third involved oxygenase gene, cfdI, and the transporter gene cftA, encoding a TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor with potential regulatory function, are located outside the cfd cluster. This study has revealed the first dedicated carbofuran catabolic genes and provides insight in the early steps of benzofuran ring degradation.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Flemish Interuniversity Council (VLIR-UOS) of Belgium (BBTP2007-0012-1087), the joint support of the International Foundation for Science and Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (IFS/OPCW) (C/4563-1), and the EU FP7 projects BIOTREAT (EU grant 266039) and AQUAREHAB (EU grant ENV 2008.3.1.1.1.). We thank Kenneth Simoens for technical support.

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  1. Damian E. Helbling

    Present address: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

  2. Tekle Tafese Fida

    Present address: Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2459, 3001, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium

    Thi Phi Oanh Nguyen, Karolien Bers, Tekle Tafese Fida & Dirk Springael

  2. Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam

    Thi Phi Oanh Nguyen

  3. Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Damian E. Helbling & Hans-Peter E. Kohler

  4. Department of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium

    Ruddy Wattiez

  5. Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium

    René De Mot

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  1. Thi Phi Oanh Nguyen
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Nguyen, T.P.O., Helbling, D.E., Bers, K. et al. Genetic and metabolic analysis of the carbofuran catabolic pathway in Novosphingobium sp. KN65.2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98, 8235–8252 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5858-5

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