Abstract
Chitosan raises a great interest among biotechnologists due to its potential for applications in biomedical or environmental fields. Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan is a recognized method allowing control of its molecular size, making possible its optimization for a given application. During the industrial hydrolysis process of chitosan, viscosity is a major problem; which can be circumvented by raising the temperature of the chitosan solution. A thermostable chitosanase is compatible with enzymatic hydrolysis at higher temperatures thus allowing chitosan to be dissolved at higher concentrations. Following an extensive micro-plate screening of microbial isolates from various batches of shrimp shells compost, the strain 1794 was characterized and shown to produce a thermostable chitosanase. The isolate was identified as a novel member of the genus Paenibacillus, based on partial 16S rDNA and rpoB gene sequences. Using the chitosanase (Csn1794) produced by this strain, a linear time course of chitosan hydrolysis has been observed for at least 6 h at 70 °C. Csn1794 was purified and its molecular weight was estimated at 40 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Optimum pH was about 4.8, the apparent K m and the catalytic constant kcat were 0.042 mg/ml and 7,588 min−1, respectively. The half-life of Csn1794 at 70 °C in the presence of chitosan substrate was >20 h. The activity of chitosanase 1794 varied little with the degree of N-acetylation of chitosan. The enzyme also hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose but not chitin. Chitosan or cellulose-derived hexasaccharides were cleaved preferentially in a symmetrical way (“3 + 3”) but hydrolysis rate was much faster for (GlcN)6 than (Glc)6. Gene cloning and sequencing revealed that Csn1794 belongs to family 8 of glycoside hydrolases. The enzyme should be useful in biotechnological applications of chitosan hydrolysis, dealing with concentrated chitosan solutions at high temperatures.
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Acknowledgments
Work at Université de Sherbrooke was supported by a Strategic Grant to RB and Discovery Grants to RB and SR from Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada. Work at TU München was supported by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen, Köln, Germany (project no. 16203N). The authors thank Dr. Brian Talbot for critical reading of the manuscript. A provisional patent on behalf the Université de Sherbrooke, involving MZ, MF, and RB has been filed regarding the application of this enzyme for chitosan hydrolysis.
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Zitouni, M., Fortin, M., Scheerle, R.K. et al. Biochemical and molecular characterization of a thermostable chitosanase produced by the strain Paenibacillus sp. 1794 newly isolated from compost. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97, 5801–5813 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4483-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4483-4