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Toluene biodegradation rates in unsaturated soil systems versus liquid batches and their relevance to field conditions

  • Environmental biotechnology
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Abstract

Contaminant biodegradation in unsaturated soils may reduce the risks of vapor intrusion. However, the reported rates show large variability and are often derived from slurry experiments that are not representative of unsaturated conditions. Here, different laboratory setups are used to derive the biodegradation capacity of an unsaturated soil layer through which gaseous toluene migrates from the water table upwards. Experiments in static unsaturated soil microcosms at 6–30 % water-filled porosity (WFP) and unsaturated soil columns at 9, 14, and 27 % WFP were compared with liquid batches containing the same culture of Alicycliphilus denitrificans. The biodegradation rates for the liquid batches were orders of magnitude lower than for the other setups. Hence, liquid batches do not necessarily reflect optimal conditions for bacteria; either oxygen or toluene mass transfer at the cell scale or the absence of soil–water–air interfaces seemed to be limiting bacterial activity. For the column setup, the rates were limited by mass supply. The microcosm results could be described by apparent first-order biodegradation constants that increased with WFP or through a numerical model that included biodegradation as a first-order process taking place in the liquid phase only. The model liquid phase first-order rates varied between 6.25 and 20 h−1 and were not related to the water content. Substrate availability was the primary factor limiting bioactivity, with evidence for physiological stress at the lowest water-filled porosity. The presented approach is useful to derive liquid phase biodegradation rates from experimental data and to include biodegradation in vapor intrusion models.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deltares Soil and Groundwater Systems, Princetonlaan 6, P.O. Box 80015, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Sara Picone, Pauline van Gaans & Johan Valstar

  2. Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Tim Grotenhuis, Alette Langenhoff & Huub Rijnaarts

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  1. Sara Picone
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  2. Tim Grotenhuis
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Correspondence to Sara Picone.

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Picone, S., Grotenhuis, T., van Gaans, P. et al. Toluene biodegradation rates in unsaturated soil systems versus liquid batches and their relevance to field conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97, 7887–7898 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4480-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4480-7

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