Abstract
Microbial phytases are widely used as feed additive to increase phytate phosphorus utilization and to reduce fecal phytates and inorganic phosphate (iP) outputs. To facilitate the process of application, we engineered an Escherichia coli appA phytase gene into the chloroplast genome of the model microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and isolated homoplasmic plastid transformants. The catalytic activity of the recombinant E. coli AppA can be directly detected in the whole-cell lysate, termed Chlasate, prepared by freeze-drying the transgenic cell paste with liquid nitrogen. The E. coli AppA in the Chlasate has a pH and temperature optima of 4.5 and 60°C, respectively, which are similar to those described in the literature. The phytase-expressed Chlasate contains 10 phytase units per gram dry matter at pH 4.5 and 37°C. Using this transgenic Chlasate at 500 U/kg of diet for young broiler chicks, the fecal phytate excretion was reduced, and the iP was increased by 43% and 41%, respectively, as compared to those of the chicks fed with only the basal diet. The effectiveness of the Chlasate to break down the dietary phytates is compatible with the commercial Natuphos fungal phytase. Our data provide the first evidence of functional expression of microbial phytase in microalgae and demonstrate the proof of concept of using transgenic microalgae as a food additive to deliver dietary enzymes with no need of protein purification.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barnes D, Franklin S, Schultz J, Henry R, Brown E, Coragliotti A, Mayfield SP (2005) Contribution of 5 ′- and 3 ′-untranslated regions of plastid mRNAs to the expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast genes. Mol Genet Genomics 274(6):625–636. doi:10.1007/s00438-005-0055-y
Beena K, Udgaonkar JB, Varadarajan R (2004) Effect of signal peptide on the stability and folding kinetics of maltose binding protein. Biochemist 43(12):3608–3619. doi:10.1021/bi0360509
Chen PS, Toribara TY, Warner H (1956) Microdetermination of phosphorus. Anal Chem 28(11):1756–1758. doi:10.1021/ac60119a033
Crea F, De Stefano C, Milea D, Sammartano S (2008) Formation and stability of phytate complexes in solution. Coord Chem Rev 252(10–11):1108–1120
Dassa J, Marck C, Boquet PL (1990) The complete nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli gene appA reveals significant homology between pH 2.5 acid phosphatase and glucose-1-phosphatase. J Bacteriol 172(9):5497–5500
Franklin S, Ngo B, Efuet E, Mayfield SP (2002) Development of a GFP reporter gene for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast. Plant J 30(6):733–744. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01319.x
Gao Y, Shang C, Maroof MAS, Biyashev RM, Grabau EA, Kwanyuen P, Burton JW, Buss GR (2007) A modified colorimetric method for phytic acid analysis in soybean. Crop Sci 47(5):1797–1803. doi:10.2135/cropsci2007.03.0122
Golovan S, Wang G, Zhang J, Forsberg CW (2000) Characterization and overproduction of the Escherichia coli appA encoded bifunctional enzyme that exhibits both phytase and acid phosphatase activites. Can J Microbiol 46:59–71
Golovan SP, Hayes MA, Phillips JP, Forsberg CW (2001a) Transgenic mice expressing bacterial phytase as a model for phosphorus pollution control. Nat Biotechnol 19(5):429–433
Golovan SP, Meidinger RG, Ajakaiye A, Cottrill M, Wiederkehr MZ, Barney DJ, Plante C, Pollard JW, Fan MZ, Hayes MA, Laursen J, Hjorth JP, Hacker RR, Phillips JP, Forsberg CW (2001b) Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low-phosphorus manure. Nat Biotechnol 19(8):741–745
Greiner R, Konietzny U (2006) Phytase for food application. Food Technol Biotechnol 44(2):125–140
Greiner R, Konietzny U, Jany KD (1993) Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys 303(1):107–113
Haefner S, Knietsch A, Scholten E, Braun J, Lohscheidt M, Zelder O (2005) Biotechnological production and applications of phytases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68(5):588–597. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0005-y
Harris EH, Burkhart BD, Gillham NW, Boynton JE (1989) Antibiotic resistance mutations in the chloroplast 16S and 23S rRNA genes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: correlation of genetic and physical maps of the chloroplast genome. Genetics 123:281–292
Huang H, Luo H, Yang P, Meng K, Wang Y, Yuan T, Bai Y, Yao B (2006) A novel phytase with preferable characteristics from Yersinia intermedia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 350(4):884–889
Khan Z, Bhadouria P, Bisen PS (2005) Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 6(5):373–379
Kim Y, Lee J, Kim H, Yu J, Oh T (1998) Cloning of the thermostable phytase gene (phy) from Bacillus sp. DS11 and its overexpression in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 162:185–191
Kim Y, Kim H, Lee J, Kim K, Lee S (2006) Molecular cloning of the phytase gene from Citrobacter braakii and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 28:33–38
Kindle KL, Richards KL, Stern DB (1991) Engineering the chloroplast genome: techniques and capabilities for chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88(5):1721–1725
Kulshreshtha A, Zacharia JA, Jarouliya U, Bhadauriya P, Prasad G, Bisen PS (2008) Spirulina in health care management. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 9(5):400–405
Kumar V, Sinha AK, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2010) Dietary roles of phytate and phytase in human nutrition: a review. Food Chem 120(4):945–959
Li J, Hegeman CE, Hanlon RW, Lacy GH, Denbow DM, Grabau EA (1997) Secretion of active recombinant phytase from soybean cell-suspension cultures. Plant Physiol 114(3):1103–1111. doi:10.1104/pp.114.3.1103
Luo H, Huang H, Yang P, Wang Y, Yuan T, Wu N, Yao B, Fan Y (2007) A novel phytase appA from Citrobacter amalonaticus CGMCC 1696: gene cloning and overexpression in Pichia pastoris. Curr Microbiol 55:185–192
Mayfield SP, Manuell AL, Chen S, Wu J, Tran M, Siefker D, Muto M, Marin-Navarro J (2007) Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts as protein factories. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18(2):126–133. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2007.02.001
Merchant SS, Prochnik SE, Vallon O, Harris EH, Karpowicz SJ, Witman GB, Terry A, Salamov A, Fritz-Laylin LK, Maréchal-Drouard L, Marshall WF, Qu L-H, Nelson DR, Sanderfoot AA, Spalding MH, Kapitonov VV, Ren Q, Ferris P, Lindquist E, Shapiro H, Lucas SM, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Cardol P, Cerutti H, Chanfreau G, Chen C-L, Cognat Vr, Croft MT, Dent R, Dutcher S, Fernández E, Fukuzawa H, González-Ballester D, González-Halphen D, Hallmann A, Hanikenne M, Hippler M, Inwood W, Jabbari K, Kalanon M, Kuras R, Lefebvre PA, Lemaire SpD, Lobanov AV, Lohr M, Manuell A, Meier I, Mets L, Mittag M, Mittelmeier T, Moroney JV, Moseley J, Napoli C, Nedelcu AM, Niyogi K, Novoselov SV, Paulsen IT, Pazour G, Purton S, Ral J-P, Riaño-Pachón DM, Riekhof W, Rymarquis L, Schroda M, Stern D, Umen J, Willows R, Wilson N, Zimmer SL, Allmer J, Balk J, Bisova K, Chen C-J, Elias M, Gendler K, Hauser C, Lamb MR, Ledford H, Long JC, Minagawa J, Page MD, Pan J, Pootakham W, Roje S, Rose A, Stahlberg E, Terauchi AM, Yang P, Ball S, Bowler C, Dieckmann CL, Gladyshev VN, Green P, Jorgensen R, Mayfield S, Mueller-Roeber B, Rajamani S, Sayre RT, Brokstein P, Dubchak I, Goodstein D, Hornick L, Huang YW, Jhaveri J, Luo Y, Martínez D, Ngau WCA, Otillar B, Poliakov A, Porter A, Szajkowski L, Werner G, Zhou K, Grigoriev IV, Rokhsar DS, Grossman AR (2007) The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science 318(5848):245–250. doi:10.1126/science.1143609
Miksch G, Kleist S, Friehs K, Flaschel E (2002) Overexpression of the phytase from Escherichia coli and its extracellular production in bioreactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59(6):685–694. doi:10.1007/s00253-002-1071-z
Mullaney EJ, Ullah AHJ (2003) The term phytase comprises several different classes of enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 312(1):179–184. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.176
Nyannor EKD, Williams P, Bedford MR, Adeola O (2007) Corn expressing an Escherichia coli-derived phytase gene: a proof-of-concept nutritional study in pigs. J Anim Sci 85(8):1946–1952. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0037
Peng R-H, Yao Q-H, Xiong A-S, Cheng Z-M, Li Y (2006) Codon-modifications and an endoplasmic reticulum-targeting sequence additively enhance expression of an Aspergillus phytase gene in transgenic canola. Plant Cell Rep 25(2):124–132. doi:10.1007/s00299-005-0036-y
Raboy V (2002) Progress in breeding low phytate crops. J Nutr 132(3):503S–505S
Rao DE, Rao KV, Reddy TP, Reddy VD (2009) Molecular characterization, physicochemical properties, known and potential applications of phytases: an overview. Crit Rev Biotechol 29(2):182–198
Rasala B, Muto M, Lee P, Jager M, Cardoso R, Behnke C, Kirk P, Hokanson C, Crea R, Mendez M, Mayfield S (2010) Production of therapeutic proteins in algae, analysis of expression of seven human proteins in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Biotechnol J 8(6):719–733
Reddy NR (2002) Occurrence, distribution, content, and dietary intake of phytate. In: Reddy NR, Sathe SK (eds) Food phytates, 1st edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 25–51
Rimbach G, Pallauf J, Moehring J, Kraemer K, Minihane AM (2008) Effect of dietary phytate and microbial phytase on mineral and trace element bioavailability. Curr Top Nutraceut R 6(3):131–144
Rosenberg JN, Oyler GA, Wilkinson L, Betenbaugh MJ (2008) A green light for engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19(5):430–436
Specht E, Miyake-Stoner S, Mayfield S (2010) Micro-algae come of age as a platform for recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Lett 32(10):1373–1383
Surzycki R, Greenham K, Kitayama K, Dibal F, Wagner R, Rochaix J-D, Ajam T, Surzycki S (2009) Factors effecting expression of vaccines in microalgae. Biologicals 37(3):133–138
Tran M, Zhou B, Pettersson PL, Gonzalez MJ, Mayfield SP (2009) Synthesis and assembly of a full-length human monoclonal antibody in algal chloroplasts. Biotechnol Bioeng 104(4):663–673. doi:10.1002/bit.22446
Ullah AHJ, Sethumadhavan K, Mullaney EJ, Ziegelhoffer T, Austin-Phillips S (2002) Cloned and expressed fungal phyA gene in alfalfa produces a stable phytase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290(4):1343–1348
Ullah AHJ, Sethumadhavan K, Mullaney EJ, Ziegelhoffer T, Austin-Phillips S (2003) Fungal phyA gene expressed in potato leaves produces active and stable phytase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 306(2):603–609
van Hartingsveldt W, van Zeijl CMJ, Harteveld GM, Gouka RJ, Suykerbuyk MEG, Luiten RGM, van Paridon PA, Selten GCM, Veenstra AE, van Gorcom RFM, van den Hondel CAMJJ (1993) Cloning, characterization and overexpression of the phytase-encoding gene (phyA) of Aspergillus niger. Gene 127(1):87–94
Vats P, Bhattacharyya MS, Banerjee UC (2005) Use of phytases (myo-inositolhexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases) for combatting environmental pollution: a biological approach. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 35(5):469–486. doi:10.1080/10643380590966190
Wang X, Brandsma M, Tremblay R, Maxwell D, Jevnikar AM, Huner N, Ma S (2008) A novel expression platform for the production of diabetes-associated autoantigen human glutamic acid decarboxylase (hGAD65). BMC Biotechnol 8:87. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-1188-1187
Watanabe F, Takenaka S, Kittaka-Katsura H, Ebara S, Miyamoto E (2002) Characterization and bioavailability of vitamin B-12-compounds from edible algae. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 48(5):325–331
Acknowledgments
James Umen, Shyh-Forng Guo and Kara Valz are acknowledged for discussion, assistance, and various comments on experimental design and execution. We also thank Byung-Chul Oh for phytase activity assay of the Bacillus BPP transformants, Kofavet Special for the contribution of Natuphos 5,000® L, and Young Kyo Yoon and Sang-Eun Lee for technical support of the broiler chick experiment. This work was supported by the IFEZ Authority and by the WCU program of the Korean Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yoon, SM., Kim, S.Y., Li, K.F. et al. Transgenic microalgae expressing Escherichia coli AppA phytase as feed additive to reduce phytate excretion in the manure of young broiler chicks. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 91, 553–563 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3279-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3279-2