Efficient production of mannosylerythritol lipids with high hydrophilicity by Pseudozyma hubeiensis KM-59

Abstract

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are one of the most promising biosurfactants known because of their multifunctionality and biocompatibility. A previously isolated yeast strain, Pseudozyma sp. KM-59, mainly produced a hydrophilic MEL, namely MEL-C (4-O-[4′-O-acetyl-2′,3′-di-O-alka(e)noyl-β-d-mannopyranosyl]-d-erythritol). In this study, we taxonomically characterize the strain in detail and investigate the culture conditions. The genetic, morphological, and physiological characteristics of the strain coincided well with those of Pseudozyma hubeiensis. On batch culture for 4 days under optimal conditions, the yield of all MELs was 21.8 g/l; MEL-C comprised approximately 65% of the all MELs. Consequently, on fed-batch culture for 16 days, the yield reached 76.3 g/l; the volumetric productivity was approximately 4.8 g l⁻¹ day⁻¹. We further examined the surface-active and self-assembling properties of the hydrophilic MELs produced by the yeast strain. They showed higher emulsifying activities against soybean oil and a mixture of hydrocarbons (2-methylnaphtarene and hexadecane, 1:1) than the synthetic surfactants tested. On water penetration scans, they efficiently formed lyotropic liquid crystalline phases such as myelines and lamella (${\text{L}}_{\alpha }$) in a broad range of their concentrations, indicating higher hydrophilicity than conventional MELs. More interestingly, there was little difference in the liquid crystal formation between the crude product and purified MEL-C. The present glycolipids with high hydrophilicity are thus very likely to have practical potential without further purification and to expand the application of MELs especially their use in washing detergents and oil-in-water-type emulsifiers.