Phase separation in calcium alginate gels

Abstract

Alginates are polysaccharides consisting of β-d-mannuronate and α-l-guluronate units. In the presence of bivalent cations like calcium the guluronate blocks form physically cross-linked gels. The gelation properties of alginates play an important role in the stability of extracellular polymer substances and in the food industry. When stock solutions of Ca²⁺ ions and alginate are mixed, the gelation starts before the Ca²⁺ ions are evenly distributed, which leads to non-uniform gels. In this contribution, Ca alginate gels were prepared by in situ gelation using glucono-δ-lactone and CaCO₃. In this way, uniform gels could be prepared directly in the measuring cell. Below a critical concentration, highly viscous solutions were obtained, which were below the critical point of gel formation. In these solutions at low rotational speeds a Schlieren peak arose, which became smaller and steeper with increasing time until a new meniscus could be detected. This behaviour is in contrast to the peak broadening due to diffusion after a synthetic boundary was formed. Evaluation of the data leads to negative diffusion coefficients. It has been shown by others that the mutual diffusion coefficient must be negative in the spinodal region. This phenomena is known as uphill diffusion and leads to phase separation of a binary system. The formation of the gel phase in this case is therefore discussed as uphill diffusion.