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Application of Bioorganic Fertilizer Significantly Increased Apple Yields and Shaped Bacterial Community Structure in Orchard Soil

  • Soil Microbiology
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Abstract

Application of bioorganic fertilizers has been reported to improve crop yields and change soil bacterial community structure; however, little work has been done in apple orchard soils where the biological properties of the soils are being degraded due to long-term application of chemical fertilizers. In this study, we used Illumina-based sequencing approach to characterize the bacterial community in the 0–60-cm soil profile under different fertilizer regimes in the Loess Plateau. The experiment includes three treatments: (1) control without fertilization (CK); (2) application of chemical fertilizer (CF); and (3) application of bioorganic fertilizer and organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer (BOF). The results showed that the treatment BOF increased the apple yields by 114 and 67 % compared to the CK and CF treatments, respectively. The treatment BOF also increased the soil organic matter (SOM) by 22 and 16 % compared to the CK and CF treatments, respectively. The Illumina-based sequencing showed that Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla and Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant classes in the soil profile. The bacterial richness for ACE was increased after the addition of BOF. Compared to CK and CF treatments, BOF-treated soil revealed higher abundance of Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, Rhizobiales, and Xanthomonadales while Acidobacteria, Gp7, Gp17, and Sphaerobacter were found in lower abundance throughout the soil profile. Bacterial community structure varied with soil depth under different fertilizer treatments, e.g., the bacterial richness, diversity, and the relative abundance of Verruccomicrobia, Candidatus Brocadiales, and Skermanella were decreased with the soil depth in all three treatments. Permutational multivariate analysis showed that the fertilizer regime was the major factor than soil depth in the variations of the bacterial community composition. Two groups, Lysobacter and Rhodospirillaceae, were found to be the significantly increased by the BOF addition and the genus Lysobacter may identify members of this group effective in biological control-based plant disease management and the members of family Rhodospirillaceae had an important role in fixing molecular nitrogen. These results strengthen the understanding of responses to the BOF and possible interactions within bacterial communities in soil that can be associated with disease suppression and the accumulation of carbon and nitrogen. The increase of apple yields after the application of BOF might be attributed to the fact that the application of BOF increased SOM, and soil total nitrogen, and changed the bacterial community by enriching Rhodospirillaceae, Alphaprotreobateria, and Proteobacteria.

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Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Fund Committee (31272255), China Science and Technology Ministry (973 Program, 2015CB150506), Agricultural Ministry of China (201503110), Innovative Research Team Development Plan of the Ministry of Education of China (IRT1256), the Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions. We would like to thank Personal Biotechnology Company (Shanghai, China) for their help with the pyrosequencing experiments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China

    Lei Wang, Jing Li, Fang Yang, Yaoyao E, Waseem Raza, Qiwei Huang & Qirong Shen

  2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China

    Lei Wang, Jing Li, Fang Yang, Yaoyao E, Waseem Raza, Qiwei Huang & Qirong Shen

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  1. Lei Wang
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Correspondence to Qiwei Huang.

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Table S1

Mantel correlations between selected bacterial taxa and apple yield. (DOCX 11 kb)

Fig. S1

Relative abundances of bacterial phyla at three soil depths under different fertilizer treatments. CK: control without fertilization; CF: application of chemical fertilizer; BOF: application of bioorganic fertilizer and organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer. Average relative abundance data from nine replicates was calculated as the ratio between the sequence type abundance and the total number of sequences. All calculations were performed on normalized data. (GIF 196 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 3320 kb)

Fig. S2

Correlation analysis between the ACE and apple yield for treatment CK, CF, and BOF. CK: control without fertilization; CF: chemical fertilizer application; BOF: application of bioorganic fertilizer and organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer. The gray segment represents 95 % confidence regions. (GIF 6 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 51 kb)

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Wang, L., Li, J., Yang, F. et al. Application of Bioorganic Fertilizer Significantly Increased Apple Yields and Shaped Bacterial Community Structure in Orchard Soil. Microb Ecol 73, 404–416 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0849-y

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