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Multiple Symbiodinium Strains Are Hosted by the Brazilian Endemic Corals Mussismilia spp.

  • Microbiology of Aquatic Systems
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Abstract

Corals of genus Mussismilia (Mussidae) are one of the oldest extant clades of scleractinians. These Neogene relicts are endemic to the Brazilian coast and represent the main reef-building corals in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (SAO). The relatively low-diversity/high-endemism SAO coralline systems are under rapid decline from emerging diseases and other local and global stressors, but have not been severely affected by coral bleaching. Despite the biogeographic significance and importance for understanding coral resilience, there is scant information about the diversity of Symbiodinium in this ocean basin. In this study, we established the first culture collections of Symbiodinium from Mussismilia hosts, comprising 11 isolates, four of them obtained by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). We also analyzed Symbiodinium diversity directly from Mussismilia tissue samples (N = 16) and characterized taxonomically the cultures and tissue samples by sequencing the dominant ITS2 region. Symbiodinium strains A4, B19, and C3 were detected. Symbiodinium C3 was predominant in the larger SAO reef system (Abrolhos), while Symbiodinium B19 was found only in deep samples from the oceanic Trindade Island. Symbiodinium strains A4 and C3 isolates were recovered from the same Mussismilia braziliensis coral colony. In face of increasing threats, these results indicate that Symbiodinium community dynamics shall have an important contribution for the resilience of Mussismilia spp. corals.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank CNPq, CAPES, and FAPERJ for the core financial support to this work and Mr. Bruno Maia for technical assistance in the flow cytometer. The Abrolhos National Marine Park (ICMBio, Ministry of Environment), Brazilian Navy, Conservation International and the Rede Abrolhos (www.abrolhos.org) contributed with permits, logistics, and field support in Abrolhos and Trindade Island.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Fo. S/N - CCS - IB - Lab de Microbiologia - BLOCO A (Anexo) A3 - sl 102, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-599

    Arthur W. Silva-Lima, Juline M. Walter, Gizele D. Garcia, Naiara Ramires, Glaucia Ank, Pedro M. Meirelles, Rodrigo L. Moura, Paulo S. Salomon, Cristiane C. Thompson & Fabiano L. Thompson

  2. Sage/Coppe, Centro de Gestão Tecnológica–CT2, Rua Moniz de Aragão, no.360 - Bloco 2, Ilha do Fundão - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 21.941-972

    Rodrigo L. Moura, Paulo S. Salomon & Fabiano L. Thompson

  3. Instituto de Microbiologia Prof Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Alberto F. Nobrega

  4. Laboratório de Protistologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Inacio D. Siva-Neto

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  1. Arthur W. Silva-Lima
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  10. Paulo S. Salomon
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  11. Cristiane C. Thompson
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  12. Fabiano L. Thompson
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Correspondence to Fabiano L. Thompson.

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Subject category: Microbial diversity, evolution, microbe-host interactions

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Table S1

ClustalW alignment among Symbiodinium clade C sequences. C1, C3, C15 and C90 sequences from GenBank were used to support the analysis. All clade C sequences obtained in this study grouped together with C3 on phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1) and had an “A” on position 196, matching Symbiodinium C3 types (XLS 108 kb)

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Silva-Lima, A.W., Walter, J.M., Garcia, G.D. et al. Multiple Symbiodinium Strains Are Hosted by the Brazilian Endemic Corals Mussismilia spp.. Microb Ecol 70, 301–310 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0573-z

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