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Nitrogen Fixation and Leaching of Biological Soil Crust Communities in Mesic Temperate Soils

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Abstract

Biological soil crust is composed of lichens, cyanobacteria, green algae, mosses, and fungi. Although crusts are a dominant source of nitrogen (N) in arid ecosystems, this study is among the first to demonstrate their contribution to N availability in xeric temperate habitats. The study site is located in Lucas County of Northwest Ohio. Using an acetylene reduction technique, we demonstrated potential N fixation for these crusts covering sandy, acidic, low N soil. Similar fixation rates were observed for crust whether dominated by moss, lichen, or bare soil. N inputs from biological crusts in northwestern Ohio are comparable to those in arid regions, but contribute substantially less N than by atmospheric deposition. Nitrate and ammonium leaching from the crust layer were quantified using ion exchange resin bags inserted within intact soil cores at 4 cm depth. Leaching of ammonium was greater and nitrate less in lichen than moss crusts or bare soil, and was less than that deposited from atmospheric sources. Therefore, biological crusts in these mesic, temperate soils may be immobilizing excess ammonium and nitrate that would otherwise be leached through the sandy soil. Moreover, automated monitoring of microclimate in the surface 7 cm of soil suggests that moisture and temperature fluctuations in soil are moderated under crust compared to bare soil without crust. We conclude that biological crusts in northwestern Ohio contribute potential N fixation, reduce N leaching, and moderate soil microclimate.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Maumee Valley Audubon Society for a fellowship to R. M. Veluci, National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduate program for providing a fellowship to Kelly Ketchum who assisted us with laboratory and field experiments, and Ali Haider for his technical assistance. We dedicate this article to our deceased labmate Fafeng Li who was a constant source of encouragement and support. We thank Daryl L. Moorhead, Jayne Belnap, Robert L. Sinsabaugh, Karl Schneider, and Donald Stierman for their technical guidance and insightful suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH, 43606, USA

    Roberta M. Veluci, Deborah A. Neher & Thomas R. Weicht

  2. School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, Bld. 107, P.O. Box 110760, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0760, USA

    Roberta M. Veluci

  3. Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, 105 Carrigan Dr., Burlington, VT, 05405, USA

    Deborah A. Neher & Thomas R. Weicht

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  1. Roberta M. Veluci
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  2. Deborah A. Neher
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Correspondence to Deborah A. Neher.

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Veluci, R.M., Neher, D.A. & Weicht, T.R. Nitrogen Fixation and Leaching of Biological Soil Crust Communities in Mesic Temperate Soils. Microb Ecol 51, 189–196 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-005-0121-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-005-0121-3

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