Abstract
A multiresidue analytical method is described for the analysis of 13 pesticides in fogwater, rainwater, gas, and particles. This method is based upon solid-liquid extraction using Sep-Pak™ tC18 light cartridges for aqueous samples, soxhlet for gas (adsorbed on XAD-2®) and particles (on glass fiber filters), HPLC-based fractionation of the extracted residues using a silica column, and a linear gradient of n-hexane/tert butyl methyl ether followed by GC-ECD and HPLC-UV analyses of each fraction. Prior to analysis with GC-ECD, a methylation procedure using BF3/methanol was developed for the analysis of the fraction which contains chlorophenoxy acid herbicides. The recoveries of the extraction procedure of liquid samples and of the methylation were greater than 92 and 97% with a standard deviation lower than 8 and 5%, respectively. The detection limits varied between 0.1 and 0.01 μg · ml−1 for the 13 pesticides studied with a standard deviation less than 9%. This method was used for the determination of pesticides in 18 fogwater samples (soluble + insoluble), 31 rainwater samples, and 17 air (gas + particles) samples collected between 1991 and 1993 in Colmar (east of France).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albanis TA, Pomonis PJ, Sdoukos ATh (1986a) Seasonal fluctuations of organochlorine and triazines pesticides in the aquatic system of Ioannina basin. Sci Total Environ 58:243–253
—, —, — (1986b) Organophosphorous and carbamates pesticides residues in the aquatic system of Ionnina basin and Kalamas river (Greece). Chemosphere 15(8):1023–1034
Allender WJ (1989) Determination of chlorophenoxy herbicides in plant material exposed to spray drift. J Chromatogr Sci 27:193–196
Bidleman TF, Leonard R (1982) Aerial transport of pesticides over the northern Indian ocean and adjacent seas. Atmos Environ 16(5):1099–1107
Billings NW, Bidleman TF (1983) High volume collection of chlorinated hydrocarbons in urban air using three solid adsorbants. Atmos Environ 17(2):383–391
Bowman MC, Acree F Jr, Schmidt CM, Beroza M (1959) Fate of DDT in larvicide suspensions. J Entomol 52:1038–1042
Coburn JA, Ripley BD, Chau SY (1976) Analysis of pesticide residues by chemical derivatization. II. N-methylcarbamates in natural water and soils. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 59(1):188–196
Cohen JM, Pinkerton C (1966) Widespread translocation of pesticides by air transport and rain-out. In: Rosen AA, Kraybill HF (eds) Organic pesticides in the environment, Advances in chemistry series 60, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 163–176
De Beer PR, Smit Ch, Van Dyk LP (1992) Air monitoring for pollution by auxin-type herbicides. Chemosphere 24(6):719–733
Eriksson G, Jensen S, Kylin H, Strachan W (1989) The pine needle as a monitor of atmospheric pollution. Nature 341:42–44
Ferrando MD, Alarcón V, Fernández-Casalderray A, Gamón M, Andreu-Moliner E (1992) Persistance of some pesticides in the environment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 48:747–755
Gaggi C, Bacci D, Calamari D, Fanelli R (1985) Chlorinated hydrocarbons in plant foliage: An indication of the tropospheric contamination level. Chemosphere 14(11/12):1673–1686
Glotfelty DE, Seiber JN, Liljedahl LA (1986) Pesticides and other organics in fog. In: Proceeding of the EPA/APCA Symposium on measurement of toxic air pollutants, U.S. EPA/Air Pollution Control Association, pp 168–175
—, —, — (1987) Pesticides in fog. Nature 325:602–605
Glotfelty DE, Majewski MS, Seiber JN (1990) Distribution of several organophosphorus insecticides in a foggy atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 24:353–357
Gorder GW, Tollefson JJ, Dahm PA (1980) Carbofuran residue analysis and control of corn Rootworm larval damage. Iowa State J Res 55(1):25–33
Haraguchi K, Kitamura E, Yamashita T, Kido A (1994) Simultaneous determination of trace pesticides in urban air. Atmos Environ 28(7):1319–1325
—, —, —, — (1995) Simultaneous determination of trace pesticides in urban precipitation. Atmos Environ 29(2):247–253
Lee H-B, Stokker YD, Chau ASY (1986) Chemical derivatization analysis of pesticides residues. X. Analysis of ten acid herbicides in natural waters. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 69(3):557–560
Lefeuvre JC (1986) Intensification de l'agriculture et usage des produits insecticides: évaluation des risques pour les équilibres biologiques, la faune et la santé humaine. In: ACTA (ed) Insectes, insecticides et santé, Paris, France, pp 7–71
Lewis RG, Brown AR, Jackson MD (1977) Evaluation of polyurethane foam for sampling of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphtalenes in ambient air. Analytical Chemistry 49:1668–1672
Loyld-Jones JC (1971) Evaporation of DDT. Nature 229:65–66
Millet M, Wortham H, Metzig G, Mirabel Ph (1993) Analysis of fog in an urban area: I. Sampling methods and ionic composition. Pollution Atmosphérique 137:58–69
Millet M (1994) Ph-D thesis. University of Strasbourg I, 204 pp
Nwankwoala AU, Osibanjo O (1992) Baseline levels of selected organochlorine pesticide residues in surface waters in Ibadan (Nigeria) by electron capture detection. Sci Total Environ 119:179–190
Nouri B, Fouillet B, Toussaint G, Chambon P, Chambon R (1995) High performance liquid chromatography with doide array detector for the determination of pesticides in water using automated solid-phase extraction. Analyst 120:1133–1136
Oehme M (1991) Further evidence for long-range air transport of polychlorinated aromates and Pesticides: North America and Eurasia to the Arctic. Ambio 20(7):293–297
Pacyna JM, Oehme M (1988) Long range transport of some organic compounds to the Norwegian Artic. Atmos Environ 24A:243–257
Pietsch J, Schmidt F, Sacher S, Fichtner HJ (1995) Pesticides and other organic pollutants in the river Elbe. Fresenius J. Anal Chem 353:75–82
Richartz H, Reischl A, Trautner F, Hutzinger O (1990) Nitrated phenols in fog. Atmos Environ 24A(12):3067–3071
Seiber JN, Glotfelty DE, Lucas AD, McChesney MM, Sagebiel JC, Wehner TA (1990) A multiresidue method by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-based Fractionation and Gas chromatographic determination of trace levels of pesticides in the air and water. Archives Environ Contam Toxicol 19:583–592
Sherma J, Shafik TM (1975) A multiclass, multiresidue analytical method for determining pesticide residues in air. Archives Environ Contamin Toxicol 3(1):57–71
Schomburg CJ, Glotfelty DE, Seiber JN (1991) Pesticide occurrence and distribution in fog collected near Monterey, California. Environ Sci Technol 25:155–160
Swineford DM, Belisle AA (1989) Analysis of trifluralin, methyl paraoxon, methyl parathion, fenveralate and 2.4-D dimethylamine in pond water using solid phase extraction. Environ Toxicol Chem 8:465–468
Thompson JF, Reid SJ, Kantor EJ (1977) A multiclass, multiresidue analytical method for pesticides in water. Archives Environ Contam Toxicol 6:143–157
Verger Ch, Cantineau A, Leveleux Ch, Curtes JP (1986) Enquète sur les intoxications par les pesticides. In: ACTA (ed) Insectes, Insecticides et Santé, Paris, France, pp 343–357
Wehner TA, Woodrow JE, Kim Y-H, Seiber JE (1984) Multiresidue analysis of trace organic pesticides in air. In: Keith L.H. (ed) Identification and analysis of organic compounds in air, Butterworths Publishers, Woburn, MA, pp 273–290
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Millet, M., Wortham, H., Sanusi, A. et al. A multiresidue method for determination of trace levels of pesticides in air and water. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31, 543–556 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212439
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212439