Abstract
We propose a simple, fast, and inexpensive method for the analyses of 72 organic compounds in municipal landfill leachate, based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Forty-one organic compounds belonging to several classes including hydrocarbons, mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds, terpenes, terpenoids, phenols, amines, and phthalates, covering a wide range of physicochemical properties and linked to municipal landfill leachate, were quantitatively determined. Another 31 organic compounds such as indoles, pyrroles, glycols, organophosphate flame retardants, aromatic amines and amides, pharmaceuticals, and bisphenol A have been identified based on their mass spectra. The developed method provides good performances in terms of extraction recovery (63.8–127%), intra-day and inter-day precisions (< 7.7 and < 13.9 respectively), linearity (R2 between 0.9669 and 0.9999), detection limit (1.01–69.30 μg L-1), quantification limit (1.87–138.6 μg L-1), and enrichment factor (69.6–138.5). Detailed information on the organic pollutants contained in municipal landfill leachate could be obtained with this method during a 40-min analysis of a 4-mL leachate sample, using only 75 μL of extraction solvent.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdulra’uf LB, Tan GH (2013) Multivariate study of parameters in the determination of pesticide residues in apple by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using experimental factorial design. Food Chem 141:4344–4348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.022
Adahchour M, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UAT (2006) Recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC): I. Introduction and instrumental set-up. TrAC-Trends Anal Chem 25(5):438–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2006.03.002
Alinat E, Delaunay N, Archer X, Vial J, Gareil P (2015) Multivariate optimization of the denitration reaction of nitrocelluloses for safer determination of their nitrogen content. Forensic Sci Int 250:68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.001
Asati A, Satyanarayana GNV, Patel DK (2017) Comparison of two microextraction methods based on solidification of floating organic droplet for the determination of multiclass analytes in river water samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using Central Composite Design. J Chromatogr A 1513:157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.048
Baderna D, Maggioni S, Boriani E, Gemmab S, Molteni M, Lombardo A, Colombo A, Bordonali S, Rotella G, Lodi M, Benfenati E (2011) A combined approach to investigate the toxicity of an industrial landfill’s leachate: chemical analyses, risk assessment and in vitro assays. Environ Res 111:603–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.01.015
Beldean-Galea MS, Vial J, Thiebaut D (2013) Development of a screening method for the determination of xenobiotic organic pollutants in municipal landfill leachate using solvent extraction and comprehensive GCxGC-qMS analysis. Cent Eur J Chem 11:1563–1574. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0298-0
Beldean-Galea MS, Thiebaut D, Vial J, Coman V (2017) Identification of complex volatile organic compounds in municipal landfill leachate by head space solid phase microextraction and GCxGC-qMS analysis. Stud U Babes-Bol Che LXII(3):35–44. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbchem.2017.3.03
Borrás E, Tortajada-Genaro LA, Muñoz A (2016) Determination of reduced sulphur compounds in air samples for the monitoring of malodour caused by landfills. Talanta 148:472–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.021
Budi S, Suliasih BA, Othman MS, Heng LY, Surif S (2016) Toxicity identification evaluation of landfill leachate using fish, prawn and seed plant. Waste Manag 55:231–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.022
Callao MP (2014) Multivariate experimental design in environmental analysis. TrAC-Trends Anal Chem 62:86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.009
Chormey DS, Bodur S, Baskın D, Fırat M, Bakırdere S (2018) Accurate and sensitive determination of selected hormones, endocrine disruptors, and pesticides by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after the multivariate optimization of switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 41:2895–2902. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201800223
de Vos J, Dixon R, Vermeulen G, Gorst-Allman P, Cochran J, Rohwer E, Focant JF (2011) Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC–TOFMS) for environmental forensic investigations in developing countries. Chemosphere 82:1230–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.039
Deblonde GJP, Chagnes A, Cote G, Vial J, Rivals I, Delaunay N (2016) Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis in alkaline media as polyoxoanions of two strategic metals: niobium and tantalum. J Chromatogr A 1437:210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.075
Dil EA, Ghaedi M, Asfaram A, Zare F, Mehrabi F, Sadeghfar F (2017) Comparison between dispersive solid-phase and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with spectrophotometric determination of malachite green in water samples based on ultrasound-assisted and preconcentration under multi-variable experimental design optimization. Ultrason Sonochem 39:374–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.05.011
Ding Y, Cai C, Hu B, Xu Y, Zheng X, Chen Y, Wu W (2012) Characterization and control of odorous gases at a landfill site: a case study in Hangzhou, China. Waste Manag 32:317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.016
Eggen T, Moeder M, Arukwe A (2010) Municipal landfill leachates: a significant source for new and emerging pollutants. Sci Total Environ 408:5147–5157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.049
Ferey L, Delaunay N, Rutledge DN, Huertas A, Raoul Y, Gareil P, Vial J (2013) Use of response surface methodology to optimize the simultaneous separation of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1302:181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.027
Fuertes I, Gomez-Lavín S, Elizalde MP, Urtiaga A (2017) Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in northern Spain municipal solid waste landfill leachates. Chemosphere 168:399–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.072
Ghosh P, Thakur IS, Kaushik A (2017) Bioassays for toxicological risk assessment of landfill leachate: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 141:259–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.023
Guidelines for validation of analytical methods for non-agricultural pesticide active ingredients and products (n.d.) Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/biocides/copr/pdfs/validation.pdf (accessed: January 20, 2019)
Hashemi B, Zohrabi P, Kim KH, Shamsipur M, Deep A, Hong J (2017) Recent advances in liquid-phase microextraction techniques for the analysis of environmental pollutants. TrAC-Trends Anal Chem 97:83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.08.014
Huang JH, Ilgen G, Vogel D, Michalzik B, Hantsch S, Tennhardt L, Bilitewski B (2009) Emissions of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds via the leachate pathway from pretreated municipal waste materials: a landfill reactor study. Environ Sci Technol 43:7092–7097. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901605q
Huset CA, Barlaz MA, Barofsky DF, Field JA (2011) Quantitative determination of fluorochemicals in municipal landfill leachates. Chemosphere 82:1380–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.072
Ieda T, Hashimoto S, Isobe T, Kunisue T, Tanabe S (2019) Evaluation of a data-processing method for target and non-target screening using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry for environmental samples. Talanta 194:461–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.050
Jernberg J, Pellinen J, Rantalainen AL (2013) Qualitative non-target analysis of landfill leachate using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 103:384–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.084
Khalil C, Al Hageh C, Korfali S, Khnayzer RS (2018) Municipal leachates health risks: Chemical and cytotoxicity assessment from regulated and unregulated municipal dumpsites in Lebanon. Chemosphere 208:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.151
Kumarathilaka P, Jayawardhana Y, Basnayake BFA, Mowjood MIM, Nagamori M, Saito T, Kawamoto K, Vithanage M (2016) Characterizing volatile organic compounds in leachate from Gohagoda municipal solid waste dumpsite, Sri Lanka. Groundwater Sustainable Dev 2-3:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2016.04.001
Mavakala BK, Le Faucheur S, Mulaji CK, Laffite A, Devarajan N, Biey EM, Giuliani G, Otamonga JP, Kabatusuila P, Mpiana PT, Poté J (2016) Leachates draining from controlled municipal solid waste landfill: detailed geochemical characterization and toxicity tests. Waste Manag 55:238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.04.028
Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay S, Hashim MA, Gupta BS (2015) Contemporary environmental issues of landfill leachate: assessment and remedies. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 45:472–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.876524
Muscalu AM, Górecki T (2018) Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in environmental analysis. TrAC-Trends Anal Chem 106:225–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.001
Öman CB, Junestedt C (2008) Chemical characterization of landfill leachates—400 parameters and compounds. Waste Manag 28:1876–1891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.06.018
Pastore C, Barca E, Del Moro G, Di Iaconi C, Loos M, Singer HP, Mascolo G (2018) Comparison of different types of landfill leachate treatments by employment of non-target screening to identify residual refractory organics and principal component analysis. Sci Total Environ 635:984–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.135
Pivato A, Gaspari L (2005) Acute toxicity test of leachates from traditional and sustainable landfills using luminescent bacteria. Waste Manag 26:1148–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.10.008
Prebihalo S, Brockman A, Cochran J, Dorman FL (2015) Determination of emerging contaminants in wastewater utilizing comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1419:109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.080
Qi C, Huang J, Wang B, Deng S, Wang Y, Yu G (2018) Contaminants of emerging concern in landfill leachate in China: a review. Emerg Contam 4(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2018.06.001
Renou S, Givaudan JG, Poulain S, Dirassouyan F, Moulin P (2008) Landfill leachate treatment: review and opportunity. J Hazard Mater 150:468–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077
Thermo Fischer chemical product data (n.d.) https://www.fishersci.fr/chemicalProductData_uk/welcome.do (accessed on July 07, 2019)
Tigini V, Prigione V, Varese GC (2014) Mycological and ecotoxicological characterization of landfill leachate before and after traditional treatments. Sci Total Environ 487:335–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.026
Wang Y, You J, Ren R, Xiao Y, Gao S, Zhang H, Yu A (2010) Determination of triazines in honey by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1217:4241–4246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.031
Acknowledgments
This work was performed in the frame of the Romania—France Bilateral Cooperation, Program Brâncuși, Project No. 774/2014 funded by UEFISCDI—Romania, Project No. 32654NJ funded by Campus-France and Program Chaire Joliot founded by ESPCI-Paris.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Ester Heath
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 3637 kb).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Beldean-Galea, M.S., Vial, J., Thiébaut, D. et al. Analysis of multiclass organic pollutant in municipal landfill leachate by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 9535–9546 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07064-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07064-z