Abstract
High temporal resolution sampling of runoff (15 samples/4 h) and river water (24 samples/24 h) was performed during a major rainstorm (41 mm/4 h) in the Bordeaux Metropole, after a dry and high vehicle-density period. Runoff was sampled at the outlet of one collector draining Northern Bordeaux Highway (NBH; 80,000–93,000 vehicles/day) and river water in the downstream Jalle River. The studied metals, including priority and emergent (Rare Earth Elements [REEs]) contaminants, showed major temporal and spatial variations in the dissolved and particulate concentrations. Hierarchical cluster analyses distinguished metal groups, reflecting different: (i) sources (i.e., automotive traffic: Zn–Cu–Ce and wastewater treatment plant: Cd–Ag–Gd) and/or (ii) processes (i.e., groundwater dilution by rainwater and sorption processes). The contribution of the particulate fraction to total metal fluxes was predominant in the NBH collector (except for Sr and Mo) and highly variable in the Jalle River, where the highest particulate metal loads were due to the export of road dusts exported by the NBH collector. Metal fluxes from the NBH collector represented highly variable fractions of daily fluxes into the Gironde Estuary at the outlet of the Jalle River, depending on elements and partitioning. The resulting relative contributions ranged from: 5% (Sr) to 40% (Cu) for dissolved phases and 30% (As) to 88% (Cu) for particulate phases. The first 40 min of the event accounted for 65% of the suspended particulate matter flux (and associated particulate metals) exported by the NBH collector, whereas the respective water flux contribution was 35%. This finding clearly demonstrates the importance of monitoring the first minutes of rainy events when establishing mass balances in urban systems.
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Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by the Regional Water Agency (Agence de l'Eau Adour-Garonne) and the “Agence Française pour la Biodiversité” in the frame of the REGARD Project: “Comprehensive and integrated programe against micropollutants (Bordeaux-Métropole).” The authors thank Bruno Barillon and Ywann Penru (CIRSEE) for managing the demonstration plant pilot and Lionel Dutruch for his analytical assistance. The analyses were performed by the instrumental platform “Majeurs et Métaux traces” (M&Ms, EPOC, University of Bordeaux). The author Antoine Lerat-Hardy has benefited from a PhD grant by the French Ministry of “Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation.”
Funding
This work has been supported by the Regional Water Agency (Agence de l'Eau Adour-Garonne) and the “Agence Française pour la Biodiversité” in the frame of the REGARD Project: “Comprehensive and integrated programe against micropollutants (Bordeaux-Métropole).” The authors Antoine Lerat-Hardy has benefited from a PhD grant by the French Ministry of “Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation”.
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Antoine LERAT-HARDY (Writing—original draft; Data curation; Conceptualization), Alexandra COYNEL (Writing—original draft; Supervision, Conceptualization, Investigation), Jörg SCHÄFER (Writing—review & editing, Validation), Antoine MARACHE (Writing—review & editing; Formal Analysis), Clément PERETO (Writing—review & editing), Cécile BOSSY (Writing—review & editing), Marion-Justine CAPDEVILLE (Writing—review & editing, Investigation), Damien GRANGER (Writing—review & editing, Investigation).
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Supplementary Data 1: Percentage of RSD and recovery of the different certified reference materials used.
Supplementary Data 2: Temporal evolution of nitrogen concentration (NTK), biological oxygen demand (X5-BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC) at the NBH collector site. Temporal evolution of water temperature (Temp), dissolved oxygen concentration (O2), pH and conductivity (Cond) at the JR site.
Supplementary Data 3: Gross fluxes and specific fluxes (fluxes divided by surface area) for the NBH collector site during the 4 h and the Jalle River.
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Lerat-Hardy, A., Coynel, A., Schäfer, J. et al. Impacts of Highway Runoff on Metal Contamination Including Rare Earth Elements in a Small Urban Watershed: Case Study of Bordeaux Metropole (SW France). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 82, 206–226 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00816-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00816-4