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ITS-2 and 18S rRNA Gene Phylogeny of Aplysinidae (Verongida, Demospongiae)

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Abstract

18S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) full-length sequences, each of which was sequenced three times, were used to construct phylogenetic trees with alignments based on secondary structures, in order to elucidate genealogical relationships within the Aplysinidae (Verongida). The first poriferan ITS-2 secondary structures are reported. Altogether 11 Aplysina sponges and 3 additional sponges (Verongula gigantea, Aiolochroia crassa, Smenospongia aurea) from tropical and subtropical oceans were analyzed. Based on these molecular studies, S. aurea, which is currently affiliated with the Dictyoceratida, should be reclassified to the Verongida. Aplysina appears as monophyletic. A soft form of Aplysina lacunosa was separated from other Aplysina and stands at a basal position in both 18S and ITS-2 trees. Based on ITS-2 sequence information, the Aplysina sponges could be distinguished into a single Caribbean–Eastern Pacific cluster and a Mediterranean cluster. The species concept for Aplysina sponges as well as a phylogenetic history with a possibly Tethyan origin is discussed.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks go to T. Müller (University of Würzburg, Germany) for valuable discussions and to two anonymous referees for insightful comments. We gratefully acknowledge J.R. Pawlik (University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC, USA) for excellent cruise organization, M. Puyana (Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Química, Bogotá) for expert help in sponge collection, and C. Arndt (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA) for providing A. fistularis from California. This research was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant HE 3299/1-1 to U. Hentschel and grant BO1099/5-3 to T. Dandekar and UNOLS ship support through the NSF to J.R. Pawlik. S. Zea’s work was partly funded by the Colombian Science Fund—COLCIENCIAS (Grant 110109-11241). It is CECIMAR contribution No. 244 of Centro de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar—CECIMAR, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and INVEMAR contribution No. 860 of Institute de Investigaciones Marinas y Costera—INVEMAR.

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  1. Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany

    Susanne Schmitt & Ute Hentschel

  2. Departamento de Biología and Centra de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar (CECIMAR), Universidad National de Colombia,INVEMAR, Cerro Punta de Betín, AA 10-16, Santa Marta, Colombia

    Sven Zea

  3. Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany

    Thomas Dandekar & Matthias Wolf

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  1. Susanne Schmitt
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Correspondence to Ute Hentschel.

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Schmitt, S., Hentschel, U., Zea, S. et al. ITS-2 and 18S rRNA Gene Phylogeny of Aplysinidae (Verongida, Demospongiae). J Mol Evol 60, 327–336 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-0162-0

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