Abstract
This article reviews the most relevant state-of-the-art magnetic resonance (MR) techniques, which are clinically available to investigate brain diseases. MR acquisition techniques addressed include notably diffusion imaging (diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI)) as well as perfusion imaging (dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC), arterial spin labeling (ASL), and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)). The underlying models used to process these images are described, as well as the theoretic underpinnings of quantitative diffusion and perfusion MR imaging-based methods. The technical requirements and how they may help to understand, classify, or follow-up neurological pathologies are briefly summarized. Techniques, principles, advantages but also intrinsic limitations, typical artifacts, and alternative solutions developed to overcome them are discussed. In this article, we also review routinely available three-dimensional (3D) techniques in neuro MRI, including state-of-the-art and emerging angiography sequences, and briefly introduce more recently proposed 3D quantitative neuro-anatomy sequences, and new technology, such as multi-slice and multi-transmit imaging.
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Abbreviations
- ADC:
-
Apparent diffusion coefficient
- AKC:
-
Apparent excess kurtosis coefficient
- ASL:
-
Arterial spin labeling
- DCE:
-
Dynamic contrast enhanced
- DKI:
-
Diffusion kurtosis imaging
- DSC:
-
Dynamic susceptibility contrast
- DTI:
-
Diffusion tensor imaging
- DWI:
-
Diffusion-weighted imaging
- CAIPIRINHA:
-
Controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration
- FA:
-
Fractional anisotropy
- MD:
-
Mean diffusivity
- MS-EPI:
-
Multi-shot EPI
- MRE:
-
Magnetic resonance elastography
- 3D-MPRAGE:
-
Magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo
- ODF:
-
Orientation distribution functions
- PAT:
-
Parallel acquisition technique
- PDF:
-
Probability distribution function of diffusion
- pCASL:
-
Pseudo-continuous ASL
- PASL:
-
Pulsed ASL
- RS-EPI:
-
Readout-segmented EPI
- SS-EPI:
-
Single-shot EPI
- SPACE:
-
Sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions
- ZOOM-EPI:
-
Zonal oblique multi-slice EPI
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Acknowledgments
The authors warmly thank Ioannis Koktzoglou, PhD (NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA), for the left and central images in Fig. 19, as well as for letting us use his sequence. The authors also acknowledge Pr Matthias Gunther for providing the 3D GRASE ASL prototype sequence used to aqcuire the image presented in Fig. 11.
Ethical standards and patient consent
We declare that all human studies have been approved by the local Ethics Committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Patient consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of this study.
Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
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Viallon, M., Cuvinciuc, V., Delattre, B. et al. State-of-the-art MRI techniques in neuroradiology: principles, pitfalls, and clinical applications. Neuroradiology 57, 441–467 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-015-1500-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-015-1500-1