Abstract
In this work, the effects of different drying methods, namely sun, freeze, convective and microwave oven drying on the drying time, rate and kinetics were investigated in purple basil leaves. Additionally, the energy efficiencies of the driers were determined. All the drying processes took place mainly in the falling-rate period. Comparatively, higher drying rates were obtained from microwave oven drying of the samples. Eleven thin-layer drying models, (Lewis, Page, Modified Page I, Henderson and Pabis, Modified Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Midilli, Modified Midilli, Two-Term, Two-Term Exponential, and Wang and Singh) were fitted to the experimental moisture ratio data. Handerson and Pabis for freeze drying, logarithmic for sun drying and Page for convective and microwave oven drying were found to be the best models for explaining the drying behavior of the purple basil leaves with the highest R2 and lowest RMSE values. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) values of the dried purple basil leaves were calculated with Fick’s diffusion model and ranged from 1.62 × 10−9 to 7.09 × 10−8 m2/s. The energy efficiency of microwave oven drying was higher than the other methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Telci I, Bayram E, Yilmaz G, Avci B (2006) Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (Ocimum basilicum L.). Biochem Syst Ecol 34:489–497
Diaz-Maroto MC, Sánchez Palomo E, Castro L, Viñas G, Pérez-Coello MS (2004) Changes produced in the aroma compounds and structural integrity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) during drying. J Sci Food Agric 84(15):2070–2076
Calín-Sánchez A, Lech K, Szumny A, Figiel A, Carbonell-Barrachina AA (2012) Volatile composition of sweet basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as affected by drying method. Food Res Int 48:217–225
Orphanides A, Goulas V, Gekas V (2016) Drying technologies: vehicle to high-quality herbs. Food Eng Rev 8:164–180
El-Sebaii AA, Shalaby SM (2012) Solar drying of agricultural products: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 16(1):37–43
Gao Q, Wu C, Wang M, Xu B, Du L (2012) Effect of drying of jujubes (Ziziphus jujuba mill.) on the contents of sugars, organic acids, a-tocopherol, b-carotene, and phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 60(38):9642–9648
Hamrouni-Sallami I, Rahali FZ, Rebey IB, Bourgou S, Lomam F, Marzouk B (2013) Total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants as affected by different drying method. Food Bioprocess Technol 6:806–817
Ozkan IA, Akbudak B, Akbudak N (2007) Microwave drying characteristics of spinach. J Food Eng 78(2):577–583
Demirhan E, Özbek B (2010) Microwave-drying characteristics of basil. J Food Process Preserv 34:476–494
Ozturk S, Sakiyan O, Alifaki YO (2017) Dielectric properties and microwave and infrared-microwave combination drying characteristics of banana and kiwifruit. J Food Process Eng 40(3):944–953
Chandrasekaran S, Ramanathan S, Basak T (2013) Microwave food processing – a review. Food Res Int 52(1):243–261
Feng H, Yin Y, Tang J (2012) Microwave drying of food and agricultural materials: basics and heat and mass transfer modeling. Food Eng Rev 4(2):89–106
Kadam DM, Goyal RK, Gupta MK (2011a) Mathematical modeling of convective thin layer drying of basil leaves. J Med Plant Res 5(19):4721–4730
Pirbalouti AG, Mahdad E, Craker L (2013) Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative properties of essential oil of two basil landraces. Food Chem 141:2440–2449
Yousif AN, Scaman CH, Durance TD, Girard B (1999) Flavor volatiles and physical properties of vacuum-microwave- and air-dried sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J Agric Food Chem 47:4777–4781
Kavak-Akpinar E (2006) Mathematical modelling of thin layer drying process under open sun of some aromatic plants. J Food Eng 77(4):864–870
Gurkan H, Hayaloglu AA (2017) Volatiles and sensory characteristics of yogurt manufactured by incorporating basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Int J Food Prop 73:1–11
Midilli A, Kucuk H, Yapar Z (2002) A new model for single-layer drying. Dry Technol 20(7):1503–1513
Togrul IT, Pehlivan D (2003) Modeling of drying kineticss of single apricot. J Food Eng 58(1):23–32
Kadam DM, Goyal RK, Singh KK, Gupta MK (2011b) Thin layer convective drying of mint leaves. J Med Plant Res 5(2):164–170
AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis (2000) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 17th edn. Microwave drying, Gaithersburg
Ergun K, Caliskan G, Dirim SN (2016) Determination of the drying and rehydration kinetics of freeze dried kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) slices. Heat Mass Transf 52(12):2697–2705
Erbay Z, Icier F (2009) A review of thin layer drying of foods: theory, modeling, and experimental results. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50:441–464
Crank J (1975) The mathematics of diffusion, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Caliskan G, Dirim SN (2017) Drying characteristics of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) slices in convective and freeze dryer. Heat Mass Transf 53:2129–2141
Madamba PS, Driscoll RH, Buckle KA (1996) The thin layer drying characteristic of garlic slices. J Food Eng 29:75–97
Polatci H (2008) The effects of various drying methods on the drying time and quality of basil (Ocimum basilicum), M.S. Thesis, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences (In Turkish)
Tunde-Akintunde TY, Afolabi TJ, Akintunde BO (2005) Influence of drying methods on drying of bell-pepper (Capsicum annuum). J Food Eng 68:439–442
Baker CGJ (1997) In: Baker CGJ (ed) Industrial drying of food. Blackie Academic and Professional, Chapman and Hall, London, pp 7–30
Torki-Harchegani M, Ghanbarian D, Pirbalouti AG, Sadeghi M (2016) Dehydration behaviour, mathematical modelling, energy efficiency and essential oil yield of peppermint leaves undergoing microwave and hot air treatments. Renew Sust Energ Rev 58:407–418
Doymaz İ (2006) Thin-layer drying behaviour of mint leaves. J Food Eng 74:370–375
Simal S, Femenia A, Llull P, Roselló C (2000) Dehydration of aloe vera: simulation of drying curves and evaluation of functional properties. J Food Eng 43:109–114
Demiray E, Seker A, Tülek Y (2016) Drying kinetics of onion (Allium cepa L.) slices with convective and microwave drying. Heat Mass Transf 53:1817–1827
Doymaz I (2004) Effect of pre-treatments using potassium metabisulphite and alkaline ethyl oleate on the drying kineticss of apricots. Biosyst Eng 89(3):281–287
Maskan M (2000) Microwave/air and microwave finish drying of banana. J Food Eng 44:71–78
Zarein M, Samadi SH, Ghobadian B (2015) Investigation of microwave dryer effect on energy efficiency during drying of apple slices. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 14(1):41–47
Sarımeşeli A (2011) Microwave drying characteristics of coriander leaves. Energy Convers Manag 52:1449–1453
Arslan D, Özcan MM (2008) Evaluation of drying methods with respect to drying kineticss, mineral content and colour characteristics of rosemary leaves. Energy Convers Manag 49(5):1258–1264
Abe T, Afzal TM (1997) Thin layer infrared radiation drying of rough rice. J Agric Eng Res 67:289–297
Panchariya PC, Popovic D, Sharma AL (2002) Thin-layer modelling of black tea drying process. J Food Eng 52:349–357
Motevali A, Minaei S, Banakar A, Ghobadian B, Darvish H (2016) Energy analysis and drying of chamomile leaves in microwave –convective dryer. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 15:179–187
Chua KJ, Chou SK, Ho JC, Hawlader MNA (2002) Heat pump drying: recent developments and future trends. Dry Technol 20:1579–1610
Baysal T, Ozbalta N, Gokbulut S, Capar B, Tastan O, Gurlek G (2015) Investigation of effects of various drying methods on the quality characteristics of apple slices and energy efficiency. J Therm Sci Technol 35(1):135–144
Motevali A, Minaei S, Khoshtagaza MH (2011) Evaluation of energy consumption in different drying methods. Energy Convers Manag 52:1192–1199
Alibas I (2006) Characteristics of chard leaves during microwave, convective, and combined microwave-convective drying. Dry Technol 24:1425–1435
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock (Project no: TAGEM Ar-Ge/16-61).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Altay, K., Hayaloglu, A.A. & Dirim, S.N. Determination of the drying kinetics and energy efficiency of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves using different drying methods. Heat Mass Transfer 55, 2173–2184 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02570-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02570-9