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Active parental care in the peppermint shrimp Lysmata boggessi: the effect of embryo age and circadian cycle

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Abstract

The presence/absence of active parental care (APC) was tested in the simultaneously hermaphroditic shrimp Lysmata boggessi. Lysmata boggessi was predicted to engage in APC given that the egg masses spawned by hermaphrodites are > 1 mm thick, the theoretical limit that allows sufficient oxygen supply by diffusion in living tissue. Furthermore, APC was predicted to increase in intensity with embryo development. Lastly, the ultrastructure of appendages used for APC was examined and it was predicted that these appendages will bear specialized structures to aid in this function. Hermaphrodites brooding early and late embryos were collected August–November 2017 from near Tavernier, Florida, USA (25.0115°N, 80.5151°W), transported to the laboratory, and maintained in aquaria to describe and quantify APC during day and night. The morphology of an appendage involved in APC was compared with two other appendages not associated with APC using scanning electron microscopy. Lysmata boggessi engaged in APC likely using some behaviors to clean (e.g., grooming using second pereiopods) and provide oxygen to the eggs (e.g., pleopod fanning). Pleopod fanning was performed more frequently by hermaphrodites carrying late compared to early embryos, likely permitting hermaphrodites to minimize problems related to oxygen limitation in older more metabolically active embryos. Lysmata boggessi also engaged in APC both day and night. The 2nd pereiopods have setae that may be well suited for aiding in APC. This study supports evidence that small brooding marine invertebrates that produce small but compact embryo masses engage in APC.

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Data availability statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Creative Inquiry, a program at Clemson University that engages undergraduates in research, learning and cross-disciplinary interactions. We also thank The Department of Biology, College of Natural and Health Sciences. Dr. Stan Rice provided assistance using the scanning electron microscope and Dr. Raymond Bauer provided guidance on grooming structures. Tom Gariepy provided editorial comments. We also thank the editor and two anonymous referees whose comments permitted us to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by Creative Inquiry Project Number 1560107, Clemson University and by the Evan Chipouras Award, The University of Tampa, for microscopy work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA

    J. Antonio Baeza & Xiaomi Liu

  2. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL, 34949, USA

    J. Antonio Baeza

  3. Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile

    J. Antonio Baeza

  4. Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, 401 West Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33606, USA

    Laurie Kostecka & Jennifer Wortham

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  1. J. Antonio Baeza
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Contributions

JAB contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by JAB, XL, LK, and JW. The first draft of the manuscript was written by JAB and JLW; all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to J. Antonio Baeza.

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Author J. Antonio Baeza declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Xiaomi Liu declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author Laurie Kostecka declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author Jennifer Wortham declares that she has no conflict of interest.

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Baeza, J.A., Liu, X., Kostecka, L. et al. Active parental care in the peppermint shrimp Lysmata boggessi: the effect of embryo age and circadian cycle. Mar Biol 166, 132 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3579-0

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