Abstract
The present work is a comprehensive study of reproduction and embryonic development of Armases cinereum. Ovigerous A. cinereum (Bosc, 1802) females from Sebastian Inlet, Florida (9.88–19.4 mm CW) lay 2,000–12,000 eggs per brood, depending on their CW (mm): fecundity = 24.662 CW1.9432. A. cinereum displayed significant brood loss through development (ca. 500 eggs per brood) independently from their CW (no senescence). However, since smaller females lay fewer eggs than larger ones, the percentage of eggs lost during embryonic development is greater in smaller females. The number of eggs carried on a later stage of development (potential fertility = 5.5593 CW2.4417) is a more accurate estimate of the reproductive output and subsequent recruitment. Egg volume increased during development (64%, 0.025–0.041 mm3 or 0.36–0.43 mm of diameter, N = 270) and was strongly correlated with egg water content increase (19.21%, r = 0.89). Lipids, particularly fatty acids, seem to be the major energy source for embryonic development, decreasing 56.31 and 37.08% (respectively) during embryonic development; both are negatively correlated with egg volume (r = −0.90). The utilization of fatty acids through the different developmental stages of A. cinereum is presented. The most consumed fatty acids are the monounsatured (43.33 μg mg−1 dw), followed by the saturated (29.91 μg mg−1 dw) and polyunsaturated (24.03 μg mg−1). Palmitic (16:0) and linoleic (18:2n-6) acids are preferentially consumed (19.5 and 17.9 μg mg−1 dw, respectively). The high proportion of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of C18 and C20 reflects the consumption of primary producers such as mangrove leaves. EPA/DHA ratio (2.85–3.84) and low DHA content indicated that this species appears in a medium-low level of the trophic chain. The low ratio of 18:1n-7/18:1n-9 and high percentage of 18:1n-9 (marker of carnivory) may be a sign of the consumption of juvenile invertebrates. The high percentage of odd-numbered FA indicated the occurrence of detritivores/scavenger behaviours. The fatty acid composition of the eggs reflects adult feeding ecology (omnivorous) and habitat.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abele LG (1992) A review of the grapsid crab genus Sesarma (Crustacea: Decapoda: Grapsidae) in America, with description of a new genus. Smithson Contrib Zool 527:1–60
Amsler MO, George RY (1984) Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of the embryos of Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. J Crust Biol 4:546–553
Anger K (1995) The conquest of freshwater and land by marine crabs: adaptations in life-history patterns and larval bioenergetics. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 193:119–145
Anger K (1998) Patterns of growth and chemical composition in decapod crustacean larvae. Invertebr Reprod Dev 33:159–176
Auel H, Harjes M, da Rocha R, Stübing D, Hagen W (2002) Lipid biomarkers indicate different ecological niches and trophic relationships of the Artic hyperiid amphipods Themisto abyssorum and T. libellula. Polar Biol 2: 374–383
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipids extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917
Buck TL, Breed GA, Pennings SC, Chase ME, Zimmer M Carefoot TH (2003) Diet choice in an omnivorous salt-marsh crab: different food types, body size, and habitat complexity. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 292:103–116
Cahu C, Fauvel C, Aquacop (1986) Effect of food fatty acids composition of P. vannanei broodstock on egg quality. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Mariculture Committee C.M. 28:1–8
Calado R, Narciso L (2003) Seasonal variation on embryo production and brood loss in the Monaco shrimp Lysmata seticaudata (Decapoda: Hippolytidae). J Mar Biol Ass U K 83:959–962
Calado R, Rosa R, Nunes ML, Narciso L (2005) Amino and fatty acid dynamics of Lysmata seticaudata (Decapoda: Hippolytidae) embryos during early and late reproductive season. Mar Biol 147:341–351
Clarke A, Brown JH, Holmes LJ (1990) The biochemical composition of eggs from Macrobrachium rosenbergii in relation to embryonic development. Comp Biochem Physiol B 96:505–511
Costlow JD, Bookhout CG (1960) The complete larval development of Sesarma cinereum (Bosc) reared in the laboratory. Bull Mar Biol 118:203–214
Dalsgaard J, St. John M, Kattner G, Müller-Navarra D, Hagen W (2003) Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment. Adv Mar Biol 46:225–340
DeMartini EE, Williams HA (2001) Fecundity and egg size of Scyllarides squammosus (Decapoda: Scyllaridae) at Maro Reef, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. J Crust Biol 21:891–896
De Vries MC, Forward Jr. RB (1991) Mechanisms of crustacean egg hatching: evidence for enzyme release by crab embryos. Mar Biol 110:281–291
García-Guerrero M, Hendrickx ME (2004) Embryology of decapod crustaceans I. Embryonic development of the mangrove crabs Goniopsis pulchra and Aratus pisonii (Decapoda: Brachyura). J Crust Biol 24:666–672
Guinot D (1979) Morphologie et phylogenèse des brachyores. Mem Mus Natl Hist Nat A 112:1–353
Hattori GY, Pinheiro MAA (2003) Fertilidade do caranguejo de mangue Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus) (Crustacea, Brachyura, Ocypodidae), em Iguape (Sao Paulo, Brasil). Rev Bras Zool 20:309–313
Herring PJ (1974) Size, density and lipid content of some decapod eggs. Deep Sea Res 21:91–94
Hines AH (1982) Allometric constraints and variables of reproductive effort in brachyuran crabs. Mar Biol 69:309–320
Hines AH (1986) Larval patterns in the life histories of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). Bull Mar Sci 39:444–466
Holland DL (1978) Lipid reserves and energy metabolism in the larvae of benthic marine invertebrates. In: Malins DC, Sargent JR (eds) Biochemical and biophysical perspectives in marine biology. Academic Press, London
Kattner G, Wehrtmann IS, Merck T (1994) Interannual variations of lipids and fatty acids during larval development of Crangon spp. in the German Bight, North Sea. Comp Biochem Physiol B 107:103–110
Kuris AM (1991) A review of patterns and causes of crustacean brood mortality. In: Wenner A, Kuris A (eds) Crustacean issues, vol.7. Crustacean egg production. Balkema, Rotterdam
Kyomo J (2000) Intraspecific variation of reproductive strategies of the crab Sesarma intermedia: a consequence of habitat variations. Bull Mar Sci 66:157–171
Lee SY (1998) Ecological role of grapsid crabs in mangrove ecosystems: a review. Mar Freshwat Res 49:335–343
Lee H, Hsu C (2003) Population biology of the swimming crab Portunus sanguinolentus in the waters off Northern Taiwan. J Crust Biol 23:691–699
Mantelatto FLM, Alarcon VF, Garcia RB (2002) Egg production strategies of the tropical hermit crab Paguristes tortugae from Brazil. J Crust Biol 22:390–397
Metcalfe LD, Schmitz AA (1961) The rapid preparation of fatty acids esters for gas chromatography analysis. Anal Chem 33:363–364
Mori M, Biagi F, De Ranieri S (1998) Fecundity and egg loss during incubation in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in the North Tyrrhenian Sea. J Nat Hist 32:1641–1650
Morizur Y, Conan G, Guénolé A, Omnès MH (1981) Fécondité de Nephrops norvegicus dans le golfe de Gascogne. Mar Biol 63:319–324
Narciso L, Morais S (2001) Fatty acid profile of Palaemon serratum (Palaemonidae) eggs and larvae during embryonic and larval development using different live diets. J Crust Biol 21:566–574
Oh C, Hartnoll RG (1999) Brood loss during incubation in Philocheras trispinosus (Decapoda) in Port Erin Bay, Isle of Man. J Crust Biol 19:467–476
Okamori CL, Cobo VJ (2003) Fecundity of arrow crab Stenorhynchus seticornis in the Southern Brazilian coast. J Mar Biol Ass UK 83:979–980
Pandian TJ (1970) Ecophysiological studies on the developing egg and embryos of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. Mar Biol 5:154–167
Penha-Lopes G, Torres P, Macia A, Paula J (2007) Population structure and embryo loss of the seagrass shrimp Latreutes pymoeus (Decapoda: Hippolytidae) at Inhaca island, Mozambique. J Mar Biol Ass U K 87:879–884
Pennings S, Carefoot TH, Siska EL, Chase ME, Page TA (1998) Feeding preferences of a generalist salt-marsh crab: relative importance of multiple plant traits. Ecology 79:1968–1979
Petersen S, Anger K (1997) Chemical and physiological changes during embryonic development of the spider crab, Hyas araneus L. (Decapoda: Majidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B 117:299–306
Pinheiro MAA, Terceiro OSL (2000) Fecundity and reproductive output of the speckled swimming crab Arenaeus cribrarius (Lamarck, 1818) (Brachyura, Portunidae). Crustaceana 73:1121–1137
Pond D, Harris R, Head R, Harbour D (1996) Environmental and nutritional factors for determining seasonal variability in the fecundity and egg viability of Calanus helgolandicus in coastal waters off Plymouth, UK. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 143:45–63
Rainuzzo JR, Reitan KI, Olsen Y (1997) The significance of lipids at early stages of marine fish: a review. Aquaculture 155:103–116
Rosa R, Nunes ML (2003) Tissue biochemical composition in relation to the reproductive cycle of deep-sea decapod Aristeus antennatus in the south Portuguese coast. J Mar Biol Ass UK 83:963–970
Rosa R, Calado R, Narciso L, Nunes ML (2007) Embryogenesis of decapod crustaceans with different life history traits, feeding ecologies and habitats: a fatty acid approach. Mar Biol 151:935–947
Sargent JR, Henderson RJ, Tocher DR (1989) The lipids. In: Halver JE (ed) Fish nutrition. Academic Press, New York
Schields JD (1993) The reproductive ecology and fecundity of Cancer crabs. In: Wenner A, Kuris A (eds) Crustacean issues vol7—crustacean egg production. A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Schuh M, Diesel R (1995) Effects of salinity, temperature, and starvation on the larval development of Armases (=Sesama) miersii (Rathbun, 1897), a semiterrestrial crab with abbreviated development (Decapoda: Grapsidae). J Crust Biol 15:205–213
Scott C, Kwasniewski S, Falk-Petersen S, Sargent JR (2002) Species differences, origins and functions of fatty acids in the wax esters and phospholipids of Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus from Artic waters. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 235:127–134
Seiple W (1979) Distribution, habitat preferences and breeding periods in the crustaceans Sesarma cinereum and S. reticulatum (Brachyura: Decapoda: Grapsidae). Mar Biol 52:77–86
Seiple W, Samon M (1987) Reproductive, growth and life-history contrasts between two species of grapsid crabs, Sesarma cinereum and S. reticulatum. Mar Biol 94:1–6
Skov MW, Hartnoll RG (2002) Paradoxical selective feeding on a low-nutrient diet: why do mangrove crabs eat leaves? Oecologia 131:1–7
Staton JL, Sulkin SD (1991) Nutritional requirements and starvation resistance in larvae of the brachyuran crabs Sesarma cinereum (Bosc) and S. reticulatum (Say). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 152:271–284
Volkman JK, Barrett SM, Blackburn SI, Mansour MP, Sikes EL, Gelin F (1998) Microalgal biomarkers: a review of recent research developments. Organic Geochem 29:1163–1179
Wear RG (1974) Incubation in British decapod crustacean, and the effect of temperature on the rate of success of embryonic development. J Mar Biol Ass UK 54:745–762
Wehrtmann IS, Kattner G (1998) Changes in volume, biomass, and fatty acids of developing eggs in Nauticaris magellanica (Decapoda: Caridea) a latitudinal comparison. J Crust Biol 18:413–422
Williams AB (1984) Shrimps, lobsters, and crabs of the Atlantic coast of the eastern United States, Maine to Florida. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank F. Faleiro, S. Brazão and P. Torres for their technical support and anonymous reviewers for constructive criticism. The authors would also like to thank Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (scholarship #SFRH/BD/17130/2004 and #SFRH/BD/25277/2005) and the Portuguese Government for providing financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by S.A. Poulet.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Figueiredo, J., Penha-Lopes, G., Anto, J. et al. Fecundity, brood loss and egg development through embryogenesis of Armases cinereum (Decapoda: Grapsidae). Mar Biol 154, 287–294 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-0922-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-0922-2