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Three-dimensional binocular eye–hand coordination in normal vision and with simulated visual impairment

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Abstract

Sensorimotor coupling in healthy humans is demonstrated by the higher accuracy of visually tracking intrinsically—rather than extrinsically—generated hand movements in the fronto-parallel plane. It is unknown whether this coupling also facilitates vergence eye movements for tracking objects in depth, or can overcome symmetric or asymmetric binocular visual impairments. Human observers were therefore asked to track with their gaze a target moving horizontally or in depth. The movement of the target was either directly controlled by the observer’s hand or followed hand movements executed by the observer in a previous trial. Visual impairments were simulated by blurring stimuli independently in each eye. Accuracy was higher for self-generated movements in all conditions, demonstrating that motor signals are employed by the oculomotor system to improve the accuracy of vergence as well as horizontal eye movements. Asymmetric monocular blur affected horizontal tracking less than symmetric binocular blur, but impaired tracking in depth as much as binocular blur. There was a critical blur level up to which pursuit and vergence eye movements maintained tracking accuracy independent of blur level. Hand–eye coordination may therefore help compensate for functional deficits associated with eye disease and may be employed to augment visual impairment rehabilitation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Jing Chen for help with setting up the pursuit onset detection algorithm originally developed by Dr. Alexander Schtz, as well as the two anonymous reviewers. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health Grant R01EY021553. Data and analysis scripts are available from the Zenodo database (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1100971).

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  1. Guido Maiello

    Present address: Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Otto-Behaghel-Str.10F, 35394, Giessen, Germany

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  1. UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK

    Guido Maiello

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 700 S. 18th Street, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0009, USA

    MiYoung Kwon

  3. Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Peter J. Bex

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GM, MK and PJB conceived and designed the study. GM programmed the experiments, and collected and analyzed the data. All authors wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Guido Maiello.

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Maiello, G., Kwon, M. & Bex, P.J. Three-dimensional binocular eye–hand coordination in normal vision and with simulated visual impairment. Exp Brain Res 236, 691–709 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5160-8

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