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Product Vacua with Boundary States and the Classification of Gapped Phases

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Abstract

We address the question of the classification of gapped ground states in one dimension that cannot be distinguished by a local order parameter. We introduce a family of quantum spin systems on the one-dimensional chain that have a unique gapped ground state in the thermodynamic limit that is a simple product state, but which on the left and right half-infinite chains have additional zero energy edge states. The models, which we call Product Vacua with Boundary States, form phases that depend only on two integers corresponding to the number of edge states at each boundary. They can serve as representatives of equivalence classes of such gapped ground states phases and we show how the AKLT model and its SO(2J + 1)-invariant generalizations fit into this classification.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mathematisches Institut der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 39, 80333, Munich, Germany

    Sven Bachmann

  2. Department of Mathematics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Bruno Nachtergaele

Authors
  1. Sven Bachmann
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  2. Bruno Nachtergaele
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Correspondence to Sven Bachmann.

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Communicated by M. Salmhofer

Copyright © 2014 by the authors. This paper may be reproduced, in its entirety, for non-commercial purposes.

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Bachmann, S., Nachtergaele, B. Product Vacua with Boundary States and the Classification of Gapped Phases. Commun. Math. Phys. 329, 509–544 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-014-2025-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-014-2025-x

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