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Analysis of 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography: application for ocular delivery using chitosan nanoparticles

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Abstract

Oxidative damage due to low levels of glutathione (GSH) is one of the main causes of cataract formation. It has been reported that 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ), a cysteine prodrug, can increase the cellular level of GSH. Currently, there is no analytical method to separate and quantify OTZ from aqueous humour samples for cataract research. The present study aims to develop and validate a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method for the quantification of OTZ in simulated aqueous humour (SAH). The developed method was validated according to FDA guidelines. Accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), lower limit of detection (LLOD) and stability were the parameters assessed in the method validation. The developed method was found to be accurate and precise with LLOQ and LLOD of 200 and 100 ng/mL, respectively; method selectivity was confirmed by the absence of any matrix interference with the analyte peak. The constructed calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.2–10 μg/mL, with a regression coefficient of 0.999. In addition, the OTZ was found to be stable in SAH after three freeze/thaw cycles. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with OTZ were formulated by the ionic gelation method. The nanoparticles were found to be uniform in shape and well dispersed with average size of 153 nm. The in vitro release of OTZ from the nanoparticles was quantified using the developed analytical method over 96 h. Permeation of OTZ through excised bovine cornea was measured using HILIC. The lag time and the flux were 0.2 h and 3.05 μg/cm2 h, respectively.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Kingston University London, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing for providing Mr. Ali Athab Al-Kinani with a Ph.D. scholarship. Also, we would like to thank Dr. Julian Swinden, Richard Giddens and Wendy Brosnan for their technical support. Sodium hyaluronate (from bovine vitreous humour) was kindly gifted from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, KT1 2EE, UK

    Ali Athab Al-Kinani, Gianpiero Calabrese, Anil Vangala, Barbara K. Pierscionek & Raid G. Alany

  2. School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, KT1 2EE, UK

    Declan P. Naughton & Barbara K. Pierscionek

  3. School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK

    James R. Smith

  4. School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Raid G. Alany

Authors
  1. Ali Athab Al-Kinani
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  2. Declan P. Naughton
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  3. Gianpiero Calabrese
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  4. Anil Vangala
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  5. James R. Smith
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  6. Barbara K. Pierscionek
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  7. Raid G. Alany
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Correspondence to Ali Athab Al-Kinani.

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Al-Kinani, A.A., Naughton, D.P., Calabrese, G. et al. Analysis of 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography: application for ocular delivery using chitosan nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 2645–2650 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8494-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8494-8

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