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Solid-phase extraction of PFOA and PFOS from surface waters on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes followed by UPLC–ESI-MS

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Abstract

This is the first report on the analytical application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents for determination in surface waters, at the nanograms per litre level, of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the two predominant contaminants among the perfluorinated compounds detected. After the preconcentration step, the quantification was achieved by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. To increase the extraction efficiency towards these amphiphilic compounds, MWCNTs were derivatized with amino-terminated alkyl chains, thus producing a mixed-mode material (MWCNT-R-NH2) combining hydrophobic affinity and anion-exchange properties. Experiments with distilled, tap and river water (pH 3) spiked at different concentrations (10, 15, 30, 100, 200 and 500 ng L-1) provided absolute recoveries in the range 71–102 % (n = 3, relative standard deviations less than 10 %). Analytes were eluted in a single fraction with 6 mL methanol (3 × 10-4 M NaOH). The within-laboratory reproducibility of the MWCNT-R-NH2 SPE sorbent was evaluated with raw river water, and relative standard deviations less than 15 % were obtained (n = 4). Preconcentration factors up to 125 (500-mL sample) made it possible to quantify PFOA and PFOS at low nanograms per litre levels in naturally contaminated river water. The method quantification limits of 10 ng L-1 for PFOA and 15 ng L-1 for PFOS were well below the advisory levels for drinking and surface waters. Comparison with non-derivatized MWCNTs highlighted the role of functionalization in improving the adsorption affinity towards these contaminants. MWCNT-R-NH2 maintained their extraction capability for at least eight repeated adsorption/desorption cycles.

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Abbreviations

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

EQS:

Environmental quality standard

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

GC:

Gas chromatography

HLB:

Hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced

LC:

Liquid chromatography

MDL:

Method detection limit

MQL:

Method quantification limit

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MS/MS:

Tandem mass spectrometry

MWCNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanotube

PFC:

Perfluorinated compound

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonate

MWCNT-R-NH2 :

Amino-terminated alkyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

SIM:

Selected ion monitoring

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

SRM:

Selected reaction monitoring

UPLC:

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography

WAX:

Weak anion exchange

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Prof. Giuseppe Zanoni and Dr. Davide Sbarbada for the LC–MS analytical support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy

    Andrea Speltini, Mattia Maiocchi, Lucia Cucca, Daniele Merli & Antonella Profumo

Authors
  1. Andrea Speltini
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  2. Mattia Maiocchi
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  3. Lucia Cucca
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  4. Daniele Merli
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  5. Antonella Profumo
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Andrea Speltini or Antonella Profumo.

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Published in the topical collection Euroanalysis XVII (the European Conference on Analytical Chemistry) with guest editor Ewa Bulska.

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Speltini, A., Maiocchi, M., Cucca, L. et al. Solid-phase extraction of PFOA and PFOS from surface waters on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes followed by UPLC–ESI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 406, 3657–3665 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-7738-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-7738-3

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