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A novel particle sampling system for physico-chemical and toxicological characterization of emissions

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Abstract

Several studies have shown that combustion-derived fine particles cause adverse health effects. Previous toxicological studies on combustion-derived fine particles have rarely involved multiple endpoints and a detailed characterization of chemical composition. In this study, we developed a novel particle sampling system for toxicological and chemical characterization (PSTC), consisting of the Dekati Gravimetric Impactor (DGI) and a porous tube diluter. Physico-chemical and toxicological properties of the particles emitted from various combustion sources were evaluated in two measurement campaigns. First, the DGI was compared with the High-Volume Cascade Impactor (HVCI) and to the Dekati Low-Pressure Impactor (DLPI), using the same dilution system and the same sampling conditions. Only small differences were observed in the mass size distributions, total particulate matter (PM), and particulate matter with diameter smaller than 1 um (PM1) concentrations and geometric mass mean diameters (GMMD) between these three impactors. Second, the PSTC was compared with the HVCI sampling system, which has been optimal for collection of particulate samples for toxicological and chemical analyses. Differences were observed in the mass size distributions, total PM and PM1 emissions, and GMMDs, probably due to the different sampling and dilution methods as well as different sampling substrates which affected the behavior of semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds. However, no significant differences were detected in the in vitro measurements of cytotoxicity between the samples collected with the PSTC and the HVCI systems. In measurements of genotoxicity, significant differences between the two sampling systems were seen only with the particles emitted from the sauna stove. In conclusion, due to compact size, PSTC is an applicable method for use in particle sampling as part of the toxicological and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from different combustion sources. It offers some advantages compared to the previously used high-volume sampling methods including compactness for field measurements, simple preparation of sample substrates and high extraction efficiency.

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Notes

  1. Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, 1-Methylphenanthrene*, Fluoranthene*, Pyrene, Benzo[c]phenanthrene, Benzo[a]anthracene*, Cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene, Triphenylene*, Chrysene*, 5-Methylchrysene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene*, Benzo[k]fluoranthene*, Benzo[j]fluoranthene, Benzo[e]pyrene*, Benzo[a]pyrene*, Perylene*, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene*, Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene*, Benzo[g,h,i]perylene*, Anthanthrene, Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, Coronene*, Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (Asterisks (*) indicate genotoxic PAHs)

Abbreviations

ATCC:

American type culture collection

BEAS-2B:

Human bronchial epithelial cell line

BEGM:

Bronchial epithelial cell growth medium

CMH:

Conventional masonry heater

D a :

Aerodynamic diameter

DE:

Non-road diesel engine

DGI:

Dekati Gravimetric Impactor

DLPI:

Dekati Low-Pressure Impactor

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

GC-MS-SIM:

Gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer–single ion monitoring

GMMD:

Geometric mass mean diameter

HVCI:

High-Volume Cascade Impactor

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

LMA:

Low-melting agarose

lpm:

Liters per minute

MIP-2:

Macrophage inflammatory protein 2

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide

NMA:

Normal-melting agarose

OTM:

Olive tail moment

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PB:

Modern small-scale pellet boiler

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

PI:

Propidium iodide

PM:

Particulate matter

PM1 :

Particulate matter, diameter <1 μm

PRD:

Porous tube diluter

PSTC:

Novel particle sampling system for toxicological and chemical characterization

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

PUF:

Polyurethane foam

RAW264.7:

Mouse monocyte macrophage cell line

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SEM:

Standard error

SS:

Sauna stove

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor α

WHO-IPCS:

World Health Organization: International Programme on Chemical Safety

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Eng. Pentti Willman from the University of Eastern Finland for the gravimetric analysis and Terhi Penttilä M.Sc. and Annika Hukkanen M.Sc. from the University of Eastern Finland for the PAH analyses. Ms. Arja Rönkkö, Ms. Heli Martikainen and Mrs. Arja Kinnunen from the National Institute for Health and Welfare are thanked for their excellent technical assistance in toxicological studies. Mr. Vivian Paganuzzi and Ewen Mac Donald from the University of Eastern Finland are also highly appreciated for revising the language. Dekati Ltd. from Tampere, Finland, is thanked for lending out the sampling instruments. We acknowledge the Sustainable Energy Programme of the Academy of Finland and the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes) for funding this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland

    Jarno Ruusunen, Olli Sippula, Pasi I. Jalava, Heikki Lamberg, Kati Nuutinen, Jarkko Tissari, Mika Ihalainen, Kari Kuuspalo, Maija-Riitta Hirvonen & Jorma Jokiniemi

  2. Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701, Kuopio, Finland

    Maija Tapanainen, Jorma Mäki-Paakkanen, Pasi Hakulinen, Arto Pennanen, Raimo O. Salonen & Maija-Riitta Hirvonen

  3. Fine Particles, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland

    Jorma Jokiniemi

  4. Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland

    Kimmo Teinilä, Ulla Makkonen & Risto Hillamo

Authors
  1. Jarno Ruusunen
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  2. Maija Tapanainen
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  18. Jorma Jokiniemi
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Correspondence to Jarno Ruusunen.

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Published in the special issue Aerosol Analysis with guest editor Ralf Zimmermann.

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Ruusunen, J., Tapanainen, M., Sippula, O. et al. A novel particle sampling system for physico-chemical and toxicological characterization of emissions. Anal Bioanal Chem 401, 3183–3195 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5424-2

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