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Microfabrication of screen-printed nanoliter vials with embedded surface-modified electrodes

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Abstract

A self-contained ion-selective sensing system within a nanoliter-volume vial has been developed by integrating screen printing, laser ablation, and molecular imprinting techniques. Screen printing and laser ablation are used in tandem to fabricate nanoliter-volume vials with carbon and Ag/AgCl ring electrodes embedded in the sidewalls. Using multisweep cyclic voltammetry, the surface of the carbon electrode can be modified with a polypyrrole film. By polymerizing pyrrole in the presence of nitrate, pores complementary to the nitrate anion in size, shape, and charge distribution are formed in the resulting film. Electrochemical cells modified with this nitrate-imprinted polypyrrole film show a near-Nernstian response to nitrate, and excellent reproducibility. The integration of molecular recognition and electrochemical response in the nanoliter vials is demonstrated by the detection of as little as 0.36 ng nitrate in nanoliter-volume samples. The integration of tailored molecular recognition within nanoliter vials via established fabrication and imprinting protocols should result in a number of nanosensor devices with applications in BioMEMS and micro total analysis systems.

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Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Kentucky Research Challenge Trust Fund, and the National Science Foundation IGERT program for funding this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA

    Jeffrey S. Lenihan, Vasilis G. Gavalas, Sylvia Daunert & Leonidas G. Bachas

  2. Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC, 20016-8014, USA

    J. Christopher Ball

  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-4055, USA

    Janet K. Lumpp

  4. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffet Field, CA, 94035, USA

    John Hines

Authors
  1. Jeffrey S. Lenihan
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  2. J. Christopher Ball
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  3. Vasilis G. Gavalas
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  4. Janet K. Lumpp
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  5. John Hines
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  6. Sylvia Daunert
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  7. Leonidas G. Bachas
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leonidas G. Bachas.

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Lenihan, J.S., Ball, J.C., Gavalas, V.G. et al. Microfabrication of screen-printed nanoliter vials with embedded surface-modified electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 387, 259–265 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0893-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0893-4

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