Abstract
Rationale
Nicotine patches have been reliably demonstrated to improve smoking cessation outcomes but most users still lapse, and then relapse, during treatment. While patch has been shown to alleviate background cravings, its effects on cue-induced cravings — which have been linked to the occurrence of lapse events — are poorly understood.
Objectives
Here we investigate the effect of nicotine patch on the intensity of craving and negative affect experienced during the hours immediately preceding lapse episodes.
Methods
Participants were 185 smokers who had quit in the context of a randomized, double-blind trial of high-dose (35 mg) nicotine patch and who lapsed at least once during the first 5 weeks of treatment. Participants used electronic diaries to monitor their smoking, affect, and craving during their cessation attempt.
Results and conclusions
The data suggest that developments on the lapse day — either external events or changes in internal states — caused craving and negative affect to rise, cumulating in the lapse. Nicotine is known to lower background craving and negative affect, but the difference between patch and placebo appeared to dissipate in the hours immediately preceding lapse episodes. Understanding the process by which these symptoms "spike" prior to a lapse — and developing treatments to counter it — are worthy research endeavors.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by research grant DA06084 to Saul Shiffman from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Nicotine and placebo patches were generously provided by GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare (GSKCH), which played no other role in the study. Dr. Ferguson is supported through a fellowship from Cancer Council Tasmania (Australia).
Conflict of interest
Through their work at PinneyAssociates, Drs. Ferguson and Shiffman serve as consultants to GSKCH on matters relating to smoking cessation. Dr. Shiffman consults to eRT, which provides ED services for clinical research and is also a partner in a company that is developing a new nicotine medication.
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Ferguson, S.G., Shiffman, S. Effect of high-dose nicotine patch on craving and negative affect leading up to lapse episodes. Psychopharmacology 231, 2595–2602 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3429-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3429-6