Effects of imidazoline receptor ligands on monoamine synthesis in the rat brain in vivo

Abstract

This study was designed to assess the effects of imidazoline drugs on putative presynaptic imidazoline receptors modulating brain monoamine synthesis in vivo. The accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) after decarboxylase inhibition was used as a measure of the rate of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation in various brain regions of naive rats and after irreversible α₂-adrenoceptor inactivation with EEDQ (1.6 mg/kg, i.p., 6 h).

Clonidine (1–3 mg/kg), moxonidine (1–10 mg/kg) and rilmenidine (10 mg/kg) (mixed I₁/α₂ agonists) decreased dopa and 5-HTP synthesis in the cerebral cortex (14%–81%), hippocampus (27%–84%) and/or striatum (29%–56%), but these inhibitory effects were abolished in N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ)-treated rats. Similarly, the stimulatory effect of efaroxan (mixed I₁/α₂ antagonist; 10 mg/kg) on dopa synthesis in the cortex (77%) and hippocampus (57%) was abolished by EEDQ. The selective I₁-ligand 2-endo-amino-3-exo-isopropylbicyclo-heptane (AGN-192403; 5–10 mg/kg) did not modify dopa or 5-HTP synthesis in any brain region in naive or EEDQ-treated rats. Idazoxan (mixed I₂/α₂ antagonist; 20 mg/kg) increased dopa synthesis in the cortex (111%) and hippocampus (87%), but the stimulatory effects were abolished by EEDQ. Moreover, idazoxan and efaroxan decreased 5-HTP synthesis in the cortex (12%–34%) and hippocampus (30%–34%) in a manner sensitive to blockade by the 5-HT_1A receptor antagonist WAY 100135. The selective I₂-ligands 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline (2-BFI; 20 mg/kg) and 2-styryl-2-imidazoline (LSL 61122; 10 mg/kg) did not alter the synthesis of dopa or 5-HTP in the cortex or hippocampus. In striatum, 2-BFI (1–20 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased dopa synthesis (ED₅₀: 5.9 mg/kg), reduced dopamine levels (6%–36%) and increased those of its metabolites DOPAC (15%–95%) and HVA (24%–74%). The inhibitory effect of 2-BFI on dopa/dopamine synthesis in striatum remained unchanged after alkylation of imidazoline receptors with isothiocyanatobenzyl imidazoline (IBI; 60 mg/kg, 6 h) or blockade of these receptors with 2-(2-ethyl 2,3-dihydro-2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazole (KU-14R; 7–20 mg/kg).

Therefore, most imidazoline drugs modulated the synthesis of brain monoamines through interaction with α₂-adrenoceptors or 5-HT_1A receptors. The results do not provide functional evidence for the existence of presynaptic imidazoline receptors regulating the synthesis of monoamines in the rat brain.