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Urinary biomarkers of exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone and its modified forms in German adults

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Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin with estrogenic activity, can exert adverse endocrine effects in mammals and is thus of concern for humans. ZEN is found in cereal crops and grain-based foods, often along with modified (‘masked’) forms usually not detected in routine contaminant analysis, e.g., ZEN-O-β-glucosides and ZEN-14-sulfate. These contribute to mycoestrogen exposure, as they are cleaved in the gastrointestinal tract to ZEN, and further metabolized in animals and humans to α- and β-zearalenol (α-ZEL and β-ZEL). ZEN and its metabolites are mainly excreted as conjugates in urine, allowing to monitor human exposure by a biomarker-based approach. Here, we report on a new study in German adults (n = 60) where ZEN, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis after enzymatic hydrolysis and immunoaffinity column clean-up of the aglycones in urines. Biomarkers were detected in all samples: ZEN ranges 0.04–0.28 (mean 0.10 ± 0.05; median 0.07) ng/mL; α-ZEL ranges 0.06–0.45 (mean 0.16 ± 0.07; median 0.13) ng/mL, and β-ZEL ranges 0.01–0.20 (mean 0.05 ± 0.04; median 0.03) ng/mL. Notably, average urinary levels of α-ZEL, the more potent estrogenic metabolite, are higher than those of ZEN, while β-ZEL (less estrogenic than ZEN) is found at lower levels than the parent mycotoxin. Similar results were found in ten persons who collected multiple urine samples to gain more insight into temporal fluctuations in ZEN biomarker levels; here some urines had higher maximal concentrations of total ZEN (the sum of ZEN, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL) with 1.6 and 1.01 ng/mL, i.e., more than those found in the majority of other urines. A preliminary approach to translate the new urinary biomarker data into dietary mycotoxin intake suggests that exposure of most individuals in our cohort is probably below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.25 µg/kg b.w. set by EFSA as group value for ZEN and its modified forms while that of some individuals exceed it. In conclusion, biomonitoring can help to assess consumer exposure to the estrogenic mycotoxin ZEN and its modified forms and to identify persons at higher risk.

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Notes

  1. Composed of factor 4 for interspecies extrapolation in kinetics and factor 10 for interhuman variability.

  2. Several phase II metabolites from mammalian metabolism and ‘masked’ forms produced by plants or fungi.

Abbreviations

ZEN:

Zearalenone

α-ZEL:

Alpha-zearalenol

β-ZEL:

Beta-zearalenol

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all volunteers who participated in this study, and wish to thank Dr. Meinolf Blaszkewicz and Iris Glaeser from the IfADo Central Unit Analytical Chemistry for valuable technical support. This work was supported by a full scholarship from the Deutsche Akademische Auslandsdienst (DAAD) to Nurshad Ali.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany

    Nurshad Ali & Gisela H. Degen

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh

    Nurshad Ali

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  1. Nurshad Ali
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  2. Gisela H. Degen
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Correspondence to Gisela H. Degen.

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Ali, N., Degen, G.H. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone and its modified forms in German adults. Arch Toxicol 92, 2691–2700 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-018-2261-5

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