Changes in Bone Mass and Bone Turnover Following Ankle Fracture

Abstract:

Bone loss and increased bone turnover are recognized local changes after a fracture, but the exact patterns of these changes after different fractures are unclear. We aimed to investigate the changes in bone density and biochemical markers following ankle fracture. Fourteen subjects (7 postmenopausal women and 7 men, mean age 63 years) were recruited following fracture of the distal tibia and fibula. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the ankle and proximal femur were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus at 0, 6, 12, 26 and 52 weeks after fracture. Serum and urine samples were collected at 0, 3 and 7 days and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 26 and 52 weeks after fracture to measure markers of bone turnover. For bone formation we measured: bone alkaline phosphatase (iBAP), osteocalcin (Oc), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP); and for bone resorption: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP), deoxypyridinoline (iFDpd), N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx). We used the nonfractured limb to calculate values for baseline BMD and QUS. There was a significant decrease in BMD at the ultradistal ankle (p<0.001), the trochanteric region of the hip (p<0.01) and QUS of the heel after ankle fracture. This bone loss was maximal for ultradistal ankle BMD by 6 weeks at 13% (p<0.001) and for the trochanter by 26 weeks at 3% (p<0.01). The ankle BMD returned to baseline at 52 weeks but the trochanter BMD did not. Velocity of sound (VOS) decreased at 6 weeks by 2% (p<0.01) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) by 15% (p<0.01). VOS recovered completely by 52 weeks, but BUA did not return to baseline. Bone formation markers increased significantly between 1 and 4 weeks by 11–78% (p<0.01), and iBAP returned to baseline at 52 weeks but PINP and Oc remained elevated. Bone resorption markers did not increase and NTx was decreased at 52 weeks. We conclude that BMD decreased distal and immediately proximal to the fracture line when measured with DXA and QUS. Ankle BMD and heel VOS recovered at 52 weeks (trochanteric BMD and heel BUA did not) and the bone turnover markers returned toward baseline.