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Geology, mineralization, and geochronology of the Qianhe gold deposit, Xiong’ershan area, southern North China Craton

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Abstract

The Qianhe gold deposit in the Xiong’ershan area is located along the southern margin of the Archean-Paleoproterozoic North China Craton. The deposit consists of six orebodies that are hosted in Paleoproterozoic andesites to basaltic andesites and structurally controlled by roughly EW-trending faults. Individual orebodies comprise auriferous quartz veins and disseminated Au-bearing pyrite within hydrothermally altered rocks on both sides of, or close to, the veins. Ore-related hydrothermal alteration has produced various mixtures of K-feldspar, quartz, sericite, chlorite, epidote, carbonate, and sulfides. Pyrite is the most important ore mineral, associated with minor amounts of galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Other trace minerals include molybdenite, arsenopyrite, scheelite, rutile, xenotime, and parisite. Gold occurs mostly as native gold and electrum enclosed in pyrite or along microfractures of sulfides and quartz. Microthermometric measurements of primary inclusions in auriferous quartz suggest that gold and associated minerals were precipitated in the range of 160–305 °C from aqueous or carbonic-aqueous fluids with salinities of 6–22 wt% NaCl equiv. Samples of molybdenite coexisting with Au-bearing pyrite have Re–Os model ages of 134–135 Ma, whereas ore-related hydrothermal sericite separates yield 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages between 127 and 124 Ma. The Re–Os and 40Ar/39Ar ages are remarkably consistent with zircon U–Pb ages (134.5 ± 1.5 and 127.2 ± 1.4 Ma; 1σ) of the biotite monzogranite from the Heyu-intrusive complex and granitic dikes in and close to the Qianhe gold mine, indicating a close temporal and thus possibly genetic relationship between gold mineralization and granitic magmatism in the area. Fluid inclusion waters extracted from auriferous quartz have δD values of −80 to −72 ‰, whereas the calculated δ 18OH2O values range from 3.1 to 3.8 ‰. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes from this study and previous work indicate that ore fluids were likely derived from degassing of magmas, with addition of minor amounts of meteoric water. Gold mineralization at Qianhe is temporarily coincident with pervasive bimodal magmatism, widespread fault-basin formation, and well development of metamorphic core complexes in the whole eastern North China Craton that have been interpreted as reflecting reactivation of the craton in the late Mesozoic after prolonged stabilization since its formation in the late Paleoproterozoic. It is therefore concluded that the Qianhe gold deposit formed as a result of this craton reactivation event.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support for this research was provided by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 90814004 and 40821061), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (CUG120102), and the MOST special fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (MSFGPMR201205). Prof. Huaning Qiu is thanked for his expert suggestions in the course of 40Ar/39Ar dating. Zhanke Li and Zhiyuan Ren are thanked for their assistance in the field and during lab work. We are indebted to Mr. Kuang Gongming from the Jinniu Gold Company for his logistic support during our stay at the mine. We thank Prof. Jinwen Mao and an anonymous reviewer for their thorough review and comments that have been very helpful in our revision. Our special thanks go to Prof. Bernd Lehmann for his constructive suggestions in improving the presentation of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resource, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Ke-Fei Tang & Jian-Wei Li

  2. Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Ke-Fei Tang, Jian-Wei Li, Shi-Jian Bi & Xiao-Dong Deng

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    David Selby

  4. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China

    Mei-Fu Zhou

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  1. Ke-Fei Tang
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  2. Jian-Wei Li
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  3. David Selby
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  4. Mei-Fu Zhou
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  5. Shi-Jian Bi
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  6. Xiao-Dong Deng
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Correspondence to Jian-Wei Li.

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Editorial handling: B. Lehmann

Electronic supplementary material

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Appendix 1

Microthermometric data and calculated parameters for fluid inclusions of the Qianhe gold deposit. (XLS 36 kb)

Appendix 2

LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb isotope data for granitic dikes from the Qianhe gold deposit. (XLS 36 kb)

Appendix 3

40Ar/39Ar data of hydrothermal sericite from the Qianhe gold deposit. (XLS 36 kb)

Appendix 4

Hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur isotope data of the Qianhe gold deposit. (XLS 32 kb)

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Tang, KF., Li, JW., Selby, D. et al. Geology, mineralization, and geochronology of the Qianhe gold deposit, Xiong’ershan area, southern North China Craton. Miner Deposita 48, 729–747 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-012-0451-2

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