Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starch synthase II, which is also known as starch granule protein 1 (SGP-1), plays a major role in endosperm starch synthesis. The three SGP-1 proteins, SGP-A1, B1 and D1, are produced by three homoeologous SSII genes, wSSII-A, B, and D. Lines carrying null alleles for each SGP-1 protein have previously been identified. In this report, the mutations occurring in each wSSII gene were characterized, and PCR-based DNA markers capable of detecting the mutations were developed. In the null wSSII-A allele, a 289 bp deletion accompanied by 8 bp of filler DNA was present near the initiation codon. A 175 bp insertion occurred in exon 8 of the null wSSII-B allele. The insertion represented a recently discovered miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) named Hikkoshi that was first found in a wheat waxy gene. A 63 bp deletion was found at the region surrounding the junction of the fifth exon and intron of the null wSSII-D allele. Based on this information, we designed primer sets to enable us to conduct allele-specific amplifications for each locus. The applicability of these primer sets for breeding programs was demonstrated by reconstructing a line lacking all three SGP-1 proteins using marker-assisted selection. These markers will also be useful in breeding programs aimed at obtaining partial mutants missing one or two SGP-1 proteins.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Craig J, Lloyd JR, Tomlinson K, Barber L, Edwards A, Wang TL, Martin C, Hedley CL, Smith AM (1998) Mutations in the gene encoding starch synthase II profoundly alter amylopectin structure in pea embryos. Plant Cell 10:413–426
Denyer K, Hylton CM, Jenner CF, Smith AM (1995) Identification of multiple isoforms of soluble and granule-bound starch synthase in developing wheat endosperm. Planta 196:256–265
Denyer K, Clarke B, Hylton C, Tatge H, Smith AM (1996) The elongation of amylose and amylopectin chains in isolated starch granules. Plant J 10:1135-1143
Dubcovsky J (2004) Marker-assisted selection in public breeding programs. In: Thro AM, Parrott W, Udall JA, Beavis WD (eds) The wheat experience. Genomics and plant breeding: the experience of the initiative for future agricultural and food systems. Crop Sci 44:1895–1898
Ellis H, Spielmeyer W, Gale R, Rebetzke J, Richards A (2002) ‘Perfect’ markers for the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 105:1038–1042
Gao M, Chibbar RN (2000) Isolation, characterization, and expression analysis of starch synthase IIa cDNA from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genome 43:768–775
Gautier MF, Aleman ME, Guirao A, Marion D, Joudrier P (1994) Triticum aestivum puroindolines, two basic cystine-rich seed proteins: cDNA sequence analysis and developmental gene expression. Plant Mol Biol 25:43-57
Grant MR, McDowell JM, Sharpe AG, de Torres Zabala M, Lydiate DJ, Dangl JL (1998) Independent deletions of a pathogen-resistance gene in Brassica and Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15843–15848
Knight J (2003) Crop improvement: a dying breed. Nature 421:568–570
Li D, Blakey CA, Dewald C, Dellaporta SL (1997) Evidence for a common sex determination mechanism for pistil abortion in maize and in its wild relative Tripsacum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4217–4222
Li Z, Rahman S, Kosar-Hashemi B, Mouille G, Appels R, Morell MK (1999a) Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding wheat starch synthase I. Theor Appl Genet 98:1208–1216
Li Z, Chu X, Mouille G, Yan L, Kosar-Hashemi B, Hey S, Napier J, Shewry P, Clarke B, Appels R, Morell MK, Rahman S (1999b) The localization and expression of the class II starch synthases of wheat. Plant Physiol 120:1147–1155
Li Z, Mouille G, Kosar-Hashemi B, Rahman S, Clarke B, Gale KR, Appels R, Morell MK (2000) The structure and expression of the wheat starch synthase III gene. Motifs in the expressed gene define the lineage of the starch synthase III gene family. Plant Physiol 123:613–624
Li Z, Sun F, Xu S, Chu X, Mukai Y, Yamamoto, Ali S, Rampling L, Kosar-Hashemi B, Rahman S, Morell MK (2003) The structural organisation of the gene encoding class II starch synthase of wheat and barley and the evolution of the genes encoding starch synthases in plants. Funct Integr Genomics 3:76–85
Ma W, Zhang W, Gale KR (2003) Multiplex-PCR typing of high molecular weight glutenin alleles in wheat. Euphytica 134:51–60
Morell MK, Kosar-Hashemi B, Cmiel M, Samuel MS, Chandler P, Rahman S, Buleon A, Batey IL, Li Z (2003) Barley sex6 mutants lack starch synthase IIa activity and contain a starch with novel properties. Plant J 34:173–185
Mu-Forster C, Huang R, Powers JR, Harriman RW, Knight M, Singletary GW, Keeling PL, Wasserman BP (1996) Physical association of starch biosynthetic enzymes with starch granules of maize endosperm: granule-associated forms of starch synthase I and starch branching enzyme II. Plant Physiol 111:821–829
Nakamura T, Yamamori M, Hidaka H, Hoshino T (1992) Expression of HMW Wx protein in Japanese common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Jpn J Breed 42:681–685
Nakamura T, Vrinten P, Saito M, Konda M (2002) Rapid classification of partial waxy wheats using PCR-based markers. Genome 45:1150–1156
Saito M, Konda M, Vrinten P, Nakamura K, Nakamura T (2004) Molecular comparison of waxy null alleles in common wheat and identification of a unique null allele. Theor Appl Genet 108:1205–1211
Saito M, Yonemaru J, Ishikawa G, Nakamura T (2005) A candidate autonomous version of the wheat MITE Hikkoshi is present in the rice genome. Mol Gen Genomics 273:404–414
Sears ER, Miller TE (1985) The history of Chinese spring wheat. Cereal Res Commun 13:261–263
Thro AM, Parrott W, Udall JA, Beavis WD (2004) Genomics and plant breeding: the experience of the initiative for future agricultural and food systems. Crop Sci 44:1914–1919 (in Symposium Discussion)
Tranquilli G, Lijavetzky D, Muzzi G, Dubcovsky J (1999) Genetic and physical characterization of grain texture-related loci in diploid wheat. Mol Gen Genet 262:846–850
Umemoto T, Yano M, Satoh H, Shomura A, Nakamura Y (2002) Mapping of a gene responsible for the difference in amylopectin structure between japonica-type and indica-type rice varieties. Theor Appl Genet 104:1–8
Wessler S, Tarpley A, Purugganan M, Spell M, Okagaki R (1990) Filler DNA is associated with spontaneous deletions in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:8731–8735
Yamamori M, Endo TR (1996) Variation of starch granule proteins and chromosome mapping of their coding genes in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet 93:275–281
Yamamori M, Quynh NT (2000) Differential effects of Wx-A1, -B1 and -D1 protein deficiencies on apparent amylose content and starch pasting properties in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet 100:32–38
Yamamori M, Fujita S, Hayakawa K, Matsuki J, Yasui T (2000) Genetic elimination of a starch granule protein, SGP-1, of wheat generates an altered starch with apparent high amylose. Theor Appl Genet 101:21–29
Zhang X, Colleoni C, Ratushna V, Sirghie-Colleoni M, James MG, Myers AM (2004) Molecular characterization demonstrates that the Zea mays gene sugary2 codes for the starch synthase isoform SSIIa. Plant Mol Biol 54:865–879
Acknowledgements
We thank Ms J. Iida for providing technical assistance. This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Japan: Development of DNA Marker-aided Selection Technology for Plants, and Brand Nippon Project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by T. Sasaki
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shimbata, T., Nakamura, T., Vrinten, P. et al. Mutations in wheat starch synthase II genes and PCR-based selection of a SGP-1 null line. Theor Appl Genet 111, 1072–1079 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-005-0032-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-005-0032-1