Abstract
The genes coding for the renin angiotensin system have been extensively studied. During the last 15 years, informative markers and functional polymorphisms have been identified, and numerous linkage and association studies have been performed in cardiovascular diseases, especially human hypertension. This mini-review aims to summarize the main findings observed for each component of this enzymatic cascade taken alone or in combination, with an emphasis on the most recent or innovative studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jeunemaitre X, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Celerier J, Corvol P (1999) Angiotensinogen variants and human hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 1:31–41
Smithies O, Kim HS (1994) Targeted gene duplication and disruption for analyzing quantitative genetic traits in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:3612–3615
Pereira AC, Mota GF, Cunha RS, Herbenhoff FL, Mill JG, Krieger JE (2003) Angiotensinogen 235T allele “dosage” is associated with blood pressure phenotypes. Hypertension 41:25–30
Sethi AA, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A (2003) Angiotensinogen gene polymorphism, plasma angiotensinogen, and risk of hypertension and ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:1269–1275
Levy D, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Newton-Cheh C, Wang TJ, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, Mitchell GF (2007) Framingham Heart Study 100K Project: genome-wide associations for blood pressure and arterial stiffness. BMC Med Genet 8(Suppl 1):S3
van den Born BJ, van Montfrans GA, Uitterlinden AG, Zwinderman AH, Koopmans RP (2007) The M235T polymorphism in the angiotensinogen gene is associated with the risk of malignant hypertension in white patients. J Hypertens 25:2227–2233
Xu MQ, Ye Z, Hu FB, He L (2007) Quantitative assessment of the effect of angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms on the risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 116:1356–1366
Hasimu B, Nakayama T, Mizutani Y, Izumi Y, Asai S, Soma M, Kokubun S, Ozawa Y (2003) Haplotype analysis of the human renin gene and essential hypertension. Hypertension 41:308–312
Fuchs S, Philippe J, Germain S, Mathieu F, Jeunemaitre X, Corvol P, Pinet F (2002) Functionality of two new polymorphisms in the human renin gene enhancer region. J Hypertens 20:2391–2398
Villard E, Lalau JD, van Hooft IS, Derkx FH, Houot AM, Pinet F, Corvol P, Soubrier F (1994) A mutant renin gene in familial elevation of prorenin. J Biol Chem 269:30307–30312
Mansego ML, Redon J, Marin R, Gonzalez-Albert V, Martin-Escudero JC, Fabia MJ, Martinez F, Chaves FJ (2008) Renin polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with blood pressure levels and hypertension risk in postmenopausal women. J Hypertens 26:230–237
Chang YP, Liu X, Kim JD, Ikeda MA, Layton MR, Weder AB, Cooper RS, Kardia SL, Rao DC, Hunt SC, Luke A, Boerwinkle E, Chakravarti A (2007) Multiple genes for essential-hypertension susceptibility on chromosome 1q. Am J Hum Genet 80:253–264
Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA (1999) Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nat Genet 22:59–62
Zhu X, Bouzekri N, Southam L, Cooper RS, Adeyemo A, McKenzie CA, Luke A, Chen G, Elston RC, Ward R (2001) Linkage and association analysis of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)–gene polymorphisms with ACE concentration and blood pressure. Am J Hum Genet 68:1139–1148
Keavney B, McKenzie C, Parish S, Palmer A, Clark S, Youngman L, Delepine M, Lathrop M, Peto R, Collins R (2000) Large-scale test of hypothesised associations between the angiotensin- converting-enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and myocardial infarction in about 5000 cases and 6000 controls. International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators. Lancet 355:434–442
Moran CN, Vassilopoulos C, Tsiokanos A, Jamurtas AZ, Bailey ME, Montgomery HE, Wilson RH, Pitsiladis YP (2006) The associations of ACE polymorphisms with physical, physiological and skill parameters in adolescents. Eur J Hum Genet 14:332–339
Hadjadj S, Tarnow L, Forsblom C, Kazeem G, Marre M, Groop PH, Parving HH, Cambien F, Tregouet DA, Gut IG, Theva A, Gauguier D, Farrall M, Cox R, Matsuda F, Lathrop M, Hager-Vionnet N (2007) Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy: case–control, haplotype, and family-based study in three European populations. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1284–1291
Sethupathy P, Borel C, Gagnebin M, Grant GR, Deutsch S, Elton TS, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Antonarakis SE (2007) Human microRNA-155 on chromosome 21 differentially interacts with its polymorphic target in the AGTR1 3′ untranslated region: a mechanism for functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 81:405–413
Baudin B (2005) Polymorphism in angiotensin II receptor genes and hypertension. Exp Physiol 90:277–282
Nishimura H, Yerkes E, Hohenfellner K, Miyazaki Y, Ma J, Hunley TE, Yoshida H, Ichiki T, Threadgill D, Phillips JA 3rd, Hogan BM, Fogo A, Brock JW 3rd, Inagami T, Ichikawa I (1999) Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor gene in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT, of mice and men. Mol Cell 3:1–10
Schmieder RE, Erdmann J, Delles C, Jacobi J, Fleck E, Hilgers K, Regitz-Zagrosek V (2001) Effect of the angiotensin II type 2-receptor gene (+1675 G/A) on left ventricular structure in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:175–182
Herrmann SM, Nicaud V, Schmidt-Petersen K, Pfeifer J, Erdmann J, McDonagh T, Dargie HJ, Paul M, Regitz-Zagrosek V (2002) Angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene polymorphism and cardiovascular phenotypes: the GLAECO and GLAOLD studies. Eur J Heart Fail 4:707–712
Warnecke C, Mugrauer P, Surder D, Erdmann J, Schubert C, Regitz-Zagrosek V (2005) Intronic ANG II type 2 receptor gene polymorphism 1675 G/A modulates receptor protein expression but not mRNA splicing. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 289:R1729–R1735
Alfakih K, Brown B, Lawrance RA, Warburton P, Maqbool A, Walters K, Samani NJ, Ball SG, Balmforth AJ, Hall AS (2007) Effect of a common X-linked angiotensin II type 2-receptor gene polymorphism (−1332 G/A) on the occurrence of premature myocardial infarction and stenotic atherosclerosis requiring revascularization. Atherosclerosis 195:e32–e38
Takahashi N, Smithies O (2004) Human genetics, animal models and computer simulations for studying hypertension. Trends Genet 20:136–145
Staessen JA, Wang JG, Brand E, Barlassina C, Birkenhäger WH, Herrmann SM, Fagard R, Tizzoni L, Bianchi G (2001) Effects of three candidate genes on prevalence and incidence of hypertension in a Caucasian population. J Hypertens 19:1349–1358
Kosachunhanun N, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Williams RR, Jeunemaitre X, Corvol P, Ferri C, Mortensen RM, Hollenberg NK, Williams GH (2003) Genetic determinants of nonmodulating hypertension. Hypertension 42:901–908
Kooperberg C, Bis JC, Marciante KD, Heckbert SR, Lumley T, Psaty BM (2007) Logic regression for analysis of the association between genetic variation in the renin–angiotensin system and myocardial infarction or stroke. Am J Epidemiol 165:334–343
Hunt SC, Cook NR, Oberman A, Cutler JA, Hennekens CH, Allender PS, Walker WG, Whelton PK, Williams RR (1998) Angiotensinogen genotype, sodium reduction, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension: trials of hypertension prevention, phase II. Hypertension 32:393–401
Schwartz GL, Turner ST, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E (2002) Interacting effects of gender and genotype on blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide. Kidney Int 62:1718–1723
Sciarrone MT, Stella P, Barlassina C, Manunta P, Lanzani C, Bianchi G, Cusi D (2003) ACE and alpha-adducin polymorphism as markers of individual response to diuretic therapy. Hypertension 41:398–403
Baudin B (2002) Angiotensin II receptor polymorphisms in hypertension. Pharmacogenomic considerations. Pharmacogenomics 3:65–73
Su X, Lee L, Li X, Lv J, Hu Y, Zhan S, Cao W, Mei L, Tang YM, Wang D, Krauss RM, Taylor KD, Rotter JI, Yang H (2007) Association between angiotensinogen, angiotensin II receptor genes, and blood pressure response to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Circulation 115:725–732
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jeunemaitre, X. Genetics of the human renin angiotensin system. J Mol Med 86, 637–641 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-008-0344-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-008-0344-0