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Akute Appendizitis

Moderne Diagnostik – der chirurgische Ultraschall

Acute appendicitis

Modern diagnostics – surgical ultrasound

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Zusammenfassung

Die akute Appendizitis zählt zu den häufigsten chirurgischen Notfällen. Trotzdem ist die Indikationsstellung zur Appendektomie mit einer hohen Rate an präoperativen Fehldiagnosen belastet. Die relativ hohe Rate an negativen Laparotomien (20–30%) wird jedoch in Kauf genommen, da die Zahl an perforierten Wurmfortsätzen weiterhin zwischen 7 und 30% liegt. Die Sonographie ist in der Diagnostik der akuten Appendizitis bei guter Verfügbarkeit und fehlender Belastung des Patienten das Schnittbildverfahren der 1. Wahl. Die Sensitivität des sonographischen Appendizitisnachweises wird zwischen 55 und 98% und die Spezifität wird zwischen 78 und 100% angeben. Im Vergleich zwischen Sonographie und Computertomographie (CT) besitzt die CT sowohl bei Kindern als auch bei Erwachsenen eine signifikant höhere Sensitivität, während die Spezifität keine signifikanten Unterschiede aufweist. Die CT ist damit die Methode der Wahl, wenn relevante Differenzialdiagnosen sonographisch nicht oder nicht adäquat dargestellt werden können sowie bei unklaren sonographischen Befunden, insbesondere bei adipösen und schwerstkranken Patienten. Im Vergleich zwischen Sonographie und Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zeigt sich ein signifikanter Vorteil für die MRT hinsichtlich Treffsicherheit, Sensitivität und negativem Vorhersagewert. Die Spezifität und der positive Vorhersagewert sind nicht signifikant unterschiedlich. Insgesamt ist die MRT aktuell als Alternativmethode zur Sonographie bei nicht eindeutigen oder unklaren Befunden zu sehen und hier insbesondere bei Schwangeren und Kindern. Der Stellenwert der Sonographie in der Diagnostik der akuten Appendizitis steigt und die Sonographie gibt insbesondere in den Händen eines erfahrenen Untersuchers wichtige und richtungweisende Befunde. Trotzdem beruht die letzte Entscheidung der Indikationsstellung zur Operation auf dem klinischen Untersuchungsbefund.

Abstract

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common acute surgical conditions of the abdomen. Nevertheless, the indications for appendectomy are associated with a high preoperative rate of false diagnoses. Although the rate of unnecessary appendectomies is comparatively high (20–30%) it is considered acceptable because the rate of perforated appendices is 7–30%. With good availability and lack of radiation exposure, ultrasound is the slice imaging modality of first choice. The sensitivity of ultrasonic detection of appendicitis lies between 55 and 98% and the specificity between 78 and 100%. Computed tomography (CT) has a significantly higher sensitivity for detecting acute appendicitis compared to ultrasound both in infancy and adulthood but the specificity shows no significant differences. CT is, therefore, the imaging modality of choice in cases of relevant differential diagnosis that cannot be visualized adequately or inconclusively by sonography especially in obese and critically ill patients. Comparison of ultrasound and magnet resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a significant advantage for MRI regarding accuracy, sensitivity and negative predictive value. In contrast, specificity and positive predictive value showed no significant differences. Currently MRI is only an alternative imaging modality to ultrasound in cases of undetermined and inconclusive ultrasonic findings especially in childhood and pregnancy. The value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is increasing and, particularly in the hands of experienced investigators, is an important imaging modality which delivers important and decision-making findings. Nevertheless, the final decision for appendectomy depends on the findings of the physical examination.

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Binnebösel, M., Otto, J., Stumpf, M. et al. Akute Appendizitis. Chirurg 80, 579–587 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-009-1684-1

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