Skip to main content
Log in

Acute Arterial Hemorrhage Following Radiotherapy of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Fatale Arrosionsblutung nach Bestrahlung oropharyngealer Plattenepithelkarzinome

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Strahlentherapie und Onkologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background and Purpose:

Vascular erosion is a rare but life-threatening complication after radiotherapy. The authors report on acute arterial bleeding and its therapy following radiotherapy of oropharyngeal tumors.

Patients and Methods:

Ten patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of any stage developed foudroyant acute arterial hemorrhage 3–46 months (14.4 ± 5.1 months) after primary (5/10) or adjuvant radio(chemo)therapy (R[C]T).

Results:

All patients had a history of recurrent minor bleeding episodes and showed deep mucosal ulcerations also outside the primary tumor region. A life-threatening arterial hemorrhage appeared in the area of these mucosal defects in the pharyngeal region. Affected vessels were the common carotid artery as well as the internal and the external portion with branches like the ascending pharyngeal and superior thyroid arteries. Treatment consisted of emergency intubation or tracheotomy followed by exposure and package of the pharynx and surgical ligature and/or embolization. 6/10 patients (all hospitalized) survived the episode, however, lethal outcome in 4/10 patients (outpatients) was related to asphyxia as a result of blood aspiration or exsanguination. None of the patients revealed evidence of persistent or recurrent tumor disease as proven by biopsy/autopsy and imaging technique.

Conclusion:

Vascular erosion following primary or adjuvant R(C)T represents a rare and potentially life-threatening complication requiring immediate emergency treatment involving head and neck surgeons, anesthesiologists and neuroradiologists. For patients with oropharyngeal neoplasms treated by R(C)T and showing recurrent bleeding episodes and mucosal ulceration particularly after the acute treatment phase, hospitalization with prophylactic surgical ligature or embolization of affected arteries is recommended.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund und Ziel:

Schädigungen von Blutgefäßen stellen eine seltene, jedoch potentiell lebensbedrohliche Komplikation nach Strahlentherapie dar. Die Autoren berichten über akute arterielle Blutungen und deren Therapie nach Strahlentherapie von oropharyngealen Tumoren.

Patienten und Methodik:

Zehn Patienten mit einem oropharyngealen Plattenepithelkarzinom jeglichen Tumorstadiums entwickelten 3–46 Monate (14,4 ± 5,1 Monate) nach primärer (5/10) oder adjuvanter Radio(chemo)therapie (R[C]T) eine akute arterielle Blutung (Tabelle 1).

Ergebnisse:

Alle Patienten zeigten in ihrer Vorgeschichte kleinere Blutungsepisoden und litten unter tiefen Schleimhautulzerationen im Pharynx auch außerhalb der Primärtumorregion (Abbildung 1). Die lebensbedrohlichen Blutungen traten im Bereich dieser Schleimhautdefekte auf. Betroffene Gefäße waren die Arteriae carotis communis, carotis interna und carotis externa mit ihren Ästen, Arteria pharyngea ascendens und Arteria thyroidea superior. Die Therapie umfasste die notfallmäßige Intubation oder Tracheotomie und Tamponade des Rachens, gefolgt entweder von einer Ligatur (Abbildung 2) und/oder Embolisation des betroffenen Gefäßes. 6/10 Patienten überlebten dieses Ereignis, 4/10 Patienten verstarben vor Erreichen der Klinik infolge des hohen Blutverlusts oder Aspiration. Keiner der Patienten zeigte zum Zeitpunkt der Blutung bildmorphologisch oder histologisch einen Residual- oder Rezidivtumor.

Schlussfolgerung:

Gefäßschädigungen infolge primärer oder adjuvanter R(C)T stellen eine potentiell lebensbedrohliche Komplikation dar, die einer unmittelbaren notfallmäßigen interdisziplinären Behandlung durch Kopf-Hals-Chirurgen, Anästhesisten und Neuroradiologen bedarf. Bei Patienten mit oropharyngealen Karzinomen, die nach einer R(C)T unter wiederkehrenden pharyngealen Blutungsepisoden und Schleimhautulzerationen leiden, sollte eine stationäre Überwachung mit einer eventuellen prophylaktischen Unterbindung oder einem neuroradiologisch-interventionellen Verschluss (Abbildung 3) der betroffenen Gefäße in Erwägung gezogen werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chaloupka JC, Putman CM, Citardi MJ, et al. Endovascular therapy for the carotid blowout syndrome in head and neck surgical patients: diagnostic and managerial considerations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:843–852.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chang FC, Lirng JF, Luo CB, et al. Patients with head and neck cancers and associated postirradiated carotid blowout syndrome: endovascular therapeutic methods and outcomes. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:936–945.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Desuter G, Hammer F, Gardiner Q, et al. Carotid stenting for impending carotid blowout: suitable supportive care for head and neck cancer patients? Palliat Med 2005;19:427–429.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Huvos AG, Leaming RH, Moore OS. Clinicopathologic study of the resected carotid artery: analysis of 64 cases. Am J Surg 1973;126:570–574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kakizawa H, Toyota N, Naito A, Ito K. Endovascular therapy for management of oral hemorrhage in malignant head and neck tumors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005;28:722–729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Macdonald S, Gan J, Mckay AJ, Edward RD. Endovascular treatment of acute carotid blowout syndrome. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000;11:1184–1188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Maran AGD, Amin M, Wilson JA. Radical neck dissection: a 19-year experience. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:395–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Okumara HO, Kamiyama R, Takiguchi Y, et al. Histopathological examination of ruptured carotid artery after irradiation. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2002;64:226–228.

    Google Scholar 

  9. O’Leary TG, Kotecha B, Rothera MP. Upper airway obstruction secondary to anticoagulant induced haemorrhage necessitating a tracheostomy. Ir Med J 1990;83:151.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pahl C, Yarrow S, Steventon N, et al. Angina bullosa haemorrhagica presenting as acute upper airway obstruction. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:283–286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rades D, Stoehr M, Meyners T, et al. Evaluation of prognostic factors and two radiation techniques in patients treated with surgery followed by radio(chemo)therapy or definitive radio(chemo)therapy for locally advanced head-and-neck cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2008;184:198–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Remonda L, Schroth G, Caversaccio M, et al. Endovascular treatment of acute and subacute hemorrhage in the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;126:1255–1262.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Swain RE, Biller HF, Ogura JH, Harvey HE. An experimental analysis of causative factors and protective methods in carotid artery rupture. Arch Otolaryngol 1974;99:235–241.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tacconi S, Bieri S. Radiotherapieinduzierte Nierenarterienstenose nach Behandlung eines Ewing-Sarkoms. Strahlenther Onkol 2008;184:478–483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Toyoda T, Sawatari K, Yamada T, et al. Endovascular therapeutic occlusion following bilateral carotid artery bypass for radiation-induced carotid artery blowout: case report. Radiat Med 2000;18:315–317.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Tribius S, Kronemann S, Kilic Y, et al. Radiochemotherapy including cisplatin alone versus cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil for locally advanced unresectable stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Strahlenther Onkol 2009;185:675–681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Veldwijk MR, Herskind C, Sellner L, et al. Normal-tissue radioprotection by overexpression of the copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase genes. Strahlenther Onkol 2009;185:517–523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wilson MD, Harrison K. Severe postoperative haemorrhage and airway obstruction following high-dose enoxaparin. Med J Aust 2001;175:167–168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wong SJ, Machtay M, Li Y. Locally recurrent, previously irradiated head and neck cancer: concurrent re-irradiation and chemotherapy, or chemotherapy alone? J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2653–2658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wurm J, Göde U, Fucak A. Ligature of the carotid arteries performed prophylactically or as an emergency procedure in patients with malignant tumours of the head and neck. HNO 2000;48:22–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhao W, Diz DI, Robbins ME. Oxidative damage pathways in relation to normal tissue injury. Br J Radiol 2007;80:23–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jens Greve MD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Greve, J., Bas, M., Schuler, P. et al. Acute Arterial Hemorrhage Following Radiotherapy of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Strahlenther Onkol 186, 269–273 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-010-2114-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-010-2114-5

Key Words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation