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Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation

Current evidence and guideline recommendations

Antikoagulation bei Vorhofflimmern

Aktuelle Evidenz und Leitlinienempfehlungen

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Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently encountered sustained arrhythmia with a prevalence of 0.5–10%, depending predominantly on age. The arrhythmia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, mainly due to thromboembolic events including stroke and systemic embolisms. These complications can be effectively prevented with anticoagulation therapy either with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or with non-vitamin K antagonists (NOAC). VKA therapy is effective in preventing strokes but these medications are difficult to use, are associated with significant bleeding risk, and have pharmacokinetic/dynamic properties that make their use cumbersome. NOACs—either factor II or factor Xa inhibitors—have been developed over the past two decades and have been tested against VKA in large randomized controlled trials. This trial evidence was complemented more recently by increasing real-world data comprising several 100,000 patients. Finally, NOACs have been examined for their use in specific clinical situations, for example, in patients undergoing cardioversion, catheter ablation, or coronary interventions. In all of these clinical scenarios, NOACs have been similarly effective or—in many instances—even superior to treatment with VKA. Recent guidelines, therefore, recommend NOAC therapy for stroke prevention in AF as first-line therapy.

Zusammenfassung

Vorhofflimmern ist die häufigste anhaltende Arrhythmie mit einer Prävalenz von 0,5–10 %, abhängig vom Alter. Diese Herzrhythmusstörung ist mit einer deutlich erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität assoziiert, hauptsächlich aufgrund thromboembolischer Ereignisse einschließlich Schlaganfällen und systemischer Embolien. Diese Komplikationen können effektiv durch eine Antikoagulationstherapie verhindert werden, entweder mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten (VKA) oder Non-Vitamin-K-Antagonisten/neuen oralen Antikoagulanzien (NOAC). Die VKA-Therapie bietet einen effektiven Schutz vor Schlaganfällen, ist aber aufgrund signifikant erhöhter Blutungsrisiken und schwieriger pharmakokinetischer und -dynamischer Eigenschaften mühsam im Alltag einzusetzen. NOAC hemmen selektiv entweder den Faktor II oder Faktor Xa, sind eine Entwicklung der letzten 20 Jahre und wurden in großen randomisierten Studien (RCT) mit VKA verglichen. Diese Daten wurden durch „Real-World-Daten“, die einige Hunderttausend Patienten umfassen, ergänzt. Schließlich wurden NOAC in speziellen klinischen Situationen getestet, z. B. bei Patienten, bei denen eine Kardioversion, eine Katheterablation oder eine Koronarintervention durchgeführt wurde. In diesen klinischen Szenarien zeigten sich NOAC der VKA-Therapie überlegen oder waren zumindest von gleicher Effektivität. Daher empfehlen die aktuellen Behandlungsleitlinien die NOAC-Therapie als Behandlung der Wahl zur Schlaganfallprophylaxe bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern.

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Correspondence to S. H. Hohnloser MD, FACC, FESC, FHRS.

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Conflict of interest

J. W. Erath reports receiving travel support and lecture fees from ZOLL Medical and Servier and is a fellow of the Boston Scientific heart rhythm fellowship program, outside the submitted work. S. H. Hohnloser reports receiving consulting fees from Bayer Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, J&J, Medtronic, Pfizer, St. Jude Medical, Sanofi-Aventis, and Zoll Medical, as well as lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer Healthcare, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, St. Jude Medical, Sanofi-Aventis, and Cardiome, outside the submitted work.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Erath, J.W., Hohnloser, S.H. Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Herz 43, 2–10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-017-4648-0

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