Abstract
Water level fluctuations (WLF), one of the most affected ecological drivers by climate change, are dominant forces controlling submerged macrophyte performance and distribution in freshwater ecosystems. Submerged macrophytes are prominent components of shallow lakes, predicting their response to WLF is therefore crucial for the management and conservation of these valuable and vulnerable ecosystems. We conducted an experiment in 15 outdoor mesocosms to explore the influence of WLF on the performance of Vallisneria spinulosa. We subjected V. spinulosa to WLF of two amplitudes and two frequencies, with stable water level as a control, and measured variations in 20 traits related with growth, sexual and asexual reproduction and resource allocation. Generally, compared with the control plants, fluctuations in water level adversely affected macrophyte biomass and growth, but increased both height and specific leaf area, which are helpful for adaptation of V. spinulosa to high-water level periods. Changes in the WLF frequency had little effect on the growth and reproduction of V. spinulosa plants apart from their leaf mass. In contrast, increased amplitude not only inhibited aboveground and root growth of V. spinulosa, but also decreased investment in sexual reproduction by influencing fruit production. V. spinulosa held a relatively stable allocation to overwintering asexual propagules in response to both components of WFL, which can maintain a capacity for clonal propagation following WLF. Moreover, as WLF amplitude increased, V. spinulosa invested a higher fraction of resources to belowground mass at the expense of their allocation to leaf mass. Our results suggest that shifts in WFL and especially magnified WLF amplitude due to climate change, may severely affect the growth and reproduction of submerged macrophytes with implications for other biota and the ecological state of shallow lakes.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Tenlong Chen, Ruixue Zhou, Yu Zhang, Xiuzhi Wang, Zhuoyi Lin, Fan Wu, and Yasong Chen for assistance during outdoor experiment. We thank Anne Mette Poulsen for valuable English editions and the Poyang Lake Laboratory for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing experimental mesocosms. Two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments that improved the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFD0900904), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31400403, 31960248), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20161BAB214157, 20192BAB204006). EJ was funded by the TÜBITAK Outstanding Researcher Program BIDEB2232.
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Lei Li conceptualized and designed the study; Mingming Ding and Lei Li executed the experiment; Lei Li performed data analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript; Erik Jeppesen and Lei Li revised the paper; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Li, L., Ding, M. & Jeppesen, E. Variation in growth, reproduction, and resource allocation in an aquatic plant, Vallisneria spinulosa: the influence of amplitude and frequency of water level fluctuations. Aquat Sci 82, 81 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-020-00754-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-020-00754-8