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Changes in Mediterranean high mountain Trichoptera communities after a 20-year period

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Abstract

Rivers in Mediterranean high mountains are especially vulnerable to climate change because these areas are characterized by extreme climatic conditions of snowy winters and relatively frequent summer droughts. Climate induced alterations in temperature and the magnitude of high and low river flows are expected to have significant effects on aquatic fauna. Here, we analysed changes in the caddisfly communities of the Sierra Nevada during a 20-year period on an altitudinal gradient range of 952–3050 m. Furthermore, we related these changes to an observed increase in air temperature and decrease in river flow over the last 40 years. Overall, caddisfly species richness increased but patterns varied depending on altitude in a non-linear shape. Richness increased in altitude with maximum values at sites of intermediate-high altitude (1800–2000 m). The effects of the observed climate change may be explained by the colonization of headwaters and middle reaches from mid-lowland species or by those from streams and rivers in nearby mountain chains at lower altitude. The observed richness increase and its association with environmental conditions suggest that mountains with a considerable altitudinal gradient may function as refuges for species and populations during periods of climatic change, which strength the importance of the conservation of mountainous habitat.

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Acknowledgments

This research received support from the project ref 039/2007 funded by the O.A.P.N. of Spanish Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Funds were also provided by a pre-doctoral grant to Marta Sáinz-Bariáin by the Gobierno de Navarra, by projects from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CGL2007-61856/BOS), and the Junta de Andalucía (RNM-02654/FEDER). The Sierra Nevada National Park and Andalucía Government (Junta de Andalucía) supplied logistic help and sampling permissions. We are very grateful to all the people who helped us during field work, especially to Alejandra Fernández, Modesto Berbel, José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa and Manuel Jesús López Rodríguez. We want to thanks M. Carmen Fajardo, Alicia Flores Martín, and Jesús Picazo Muñoz from Andalucía Government for their help in obtaining environmental data. These data were provided by the Centro de Estudios Hydrográficos of CEDEX (Ministerio de Fomento), and by Demarcación Hidrográfica de las Cuencas Mediterráneas Andaluzas and Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía (REDIAM) from Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio (Junta de Andalucía). We are also very grateful to Elena Sáinz for checking the English, and the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable advices and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain

      Marta Sáinz-Bariáin, Carmen Zamora-Muñoz, Carmen Elisa Sáinz-Cantero & Javier Alba-Tercedor

    2. Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain

      Juan J. Soler

    3. Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM), Departament d’Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

      Núria Bonada

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    1. Marta Sáinz-Bariáin
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    Correspondence to Marta Sáinz-Bariáin.

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    Marta Sáinz-Bariáin and Carmen Zamora-Muñoz contributed equally to the manuscript.

    Electronic supplementary material

    Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

    27_2015_457_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

    Table S1. Geographical location and altitude of the sampling sites in the protected area of the Sierra Nevada (National and Nature Park). “*” indicates Gauging stations and “T1-T4” indicate Climate stations. Column SITE is represented in Fig. 1. (PDF 10 kb)

    27_2015_457_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

    Table S2. Environmental variables recorded in sampled streams in the Sierra Nevada: map sampling site; river; temperature (T); pH; electrical conductivity (Cond); dissolved oxygen (DO); ecosystem; percent boulder (B); percent gravel (G); percent sand (Sa); percent silt (Si); percent algae (Alg); percent woody debris (Woo); (-) not recorded. (PDF 6 kb)

    27_2015_457_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

    Table S3. Ecological preferences of caddisfly species present in the study area: stream zonation; altitude; microhabitat/substrate; current; temperature; emergence period) (Data source: Graf et al. 2008; Sáinz-Bariáin et al. 2013) (PDF 17 kb)

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    Figure S1. Species accumulation curves for the inventory of caddisflies in the Sierra Nevada streams and rivers calculated with EstimateS 5.01 (Colwell 1997). Both curves were adjusted by the Clench equation (Studied period 1984-1987: Sobs = 26, R2 = 0.999, a/b = 31, slope of the curve = 0.2; Sobs/(a/b) = 84 %; Studied period 2008-2009: Sobs = 39; R2 = 0.999; a/b = 39, slope of the curve = 0.3; Sobs/(a/b) = 90 %. (PDF 21 kb)

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    Sáinz-Bariáin, M., Zamora-Muñoz, C., Soler, J.J. et al. Changes in Mediterranean high mountain Trichoptera communities after a 20-year period. Aquat Sci 78, 669–682 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-015-0457-9

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