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Historical impacts of mercury mining and stocking of non-native fish on ichthyofauna in the Idrijca River Basin, Slovenia

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Abstract

Mercury mining in Idrija has profoundly changed environmental conditions in the Idrijca River basin. Impacts of mining-related activities on the river system and its ichthyofauna from circa 1490 until World War I were analysed. Literature and archival sources were both studied. Heavy water pollution with mercury and its components, the floating of wood using splash dams in order to create artificial flood waves, fishing and stocking of non-indigenous fish species were the factors identified contributing to major impacts on ichthyofauna. Fish statistics make clear that after four centuries of mercury production ichthyofauna in the Idrijca was by no means the most industrially affected one in Carniola and that there were huge differences among various sections of the Idrijca and its tributaries. We presented the history of fish hatcheries operating from 1876 onward in order to reduce the damage inflicted by mercury mining and related activities and reviewed its impacts on hybridization between marble and brown trout. Introduction of non-native fish was the major threat for the ichthyofauna in comparison to the other mentioned impacts of mercury mining, conducted over long periods but with comparably minor consequences for the survival of the native ichthyofauna.

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Notes

  1. There is a discrepancy of over 60 % between the estimation of the total mercury emissions to the environment and the estimations in amounts of mercury distributed to specified environmental components. It is either a result of low quality input data or the processes have not been understood correctly. In the opinion of the authors who pointed out this fact, “all estimated and simulated results except the long-range atmospheric transport are … rather overestimated”, only a certain percentage of it can be explained by material containing mercury which “has been deposited as backfill material into the mine and also used in road construction etc” (Žagar et al. 2006).

  2. According to data from 1758 the priest in Spodnja Idrija possessed fishing rights (ARS 1758).

  3. Stere is a cubic metre including stacked cut wood and spaces between. The volume of wood in a stere is not constant, in the case of firewood it is approximately 0.7–0.85 m3 (Krajnc et al. 2009).

  4. Most probably only the uppermost section of the Idrijca is considered: » Nebenbäche, so der Enden in die Idria fliessen, als die Idriza, Salla … « .

  5. It does not prove non-existence of eventual occasional fishkills. Valvasor, for instance, also mentioned good wine there (Valvasor 1689) although due to climatic conditions years with production of good wine could only have been exceptional.

  6. The statement » es tödtete sogar die Fische « (Hacquet 1779) can refer either to a single or to a repeated event.

  7. Ivan Franke had deep knowledge of fish and their populations in Carniola. For instance, he established the first hatchery in Carniola in the early 1880s. In 1888 he accepted the task to divide Carniolian fish waters into fishing districts. In 1902 he was member of honourable committee of the international fish exhibition in Vienna. Beside other publications in this field, his articles, one on fish nutrition, the other one entitled Causes of degeneration of American trouts in Austria are published in proceedings of the international fishermen’s congresses in Vienna (1905) and Washington (1908) (Mesesnel 1925–1932). His description of Carniolian fish waters, which we use, is based on his observations during the walks along rivers and brooks, many years of his experience with fishing rod and net, his interviews with fishermen and the literature he used, e.g. a report of an engineer on a part of karst waters in Inner Carniola from 1875 (Franke 1892). Unfortunatelly, the author did not explain the criteria he used to convert his results into numbers.

  8. Whereas four means good riverine productivity, the numbers five, six and seven stand for two classes: medium and less productive.

  9. Eight on a scale from one to ten; 8, 9 and 10 = sterile, almost without any importance for fishing.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Gertrud Haidvogl for the invitation to the workshop Historical fish ecology of European rivers, Lunz am See, 23–26 September 2013, and we are grateful to the participants of this workshop for their comments and suggestions, especially to Gertrud Haidvogl, Richard Hoffmann, Mathias Jungwirth and Didier Pont. We are grateful to Tanja Koželj for cartography and to Julia Ellis Burnet who improved our English.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia

    Gregor Torkar

  2. Department of Biology, Chemistry and Home Economics, Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Gregor Torkar

  3. Department of History, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Žiga Zwitter

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Correspondence to Gregor Torkar.

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This article is part of the special issue 'Historical ecology of riverine fish in Europe'.

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Torkar, G., Zwitter, Ž. Historical impacts of mercury mining and stocking of non-native fish on ichthyofauna in the Idrijca River Basin, Slovenia. Aquat Sci 77, 381–393 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-015-0395-6

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