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Evolvability of the actin cytoskeleton in oligodendrocytes during central nervous system development and aging

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Abstract

The organization of actin filaments into a wide range of subcellular structures is a defining feature of cell shape and dynamics, important for tissue development and homeostasis. Nervous system function requires morphological and functional plasticity of neurons and glial cells, which is largely determined by the dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to intrinsic and extracellular signals. Oligodendrocytes are specialized glia that extend multiple actin-based protrusions to form the multilayered myelin membrane that spirally wraps around axons, increasing conduction speed and promoting long-term axonal integrity. Myelination is a remarkable biological paradigm in development, and maintenance of myelin is essential for a healthy adult nervous system. In this review, we discuss how structure and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton is a defining feature of myelinating oligodendrocytes’ biology and function. We also review “old and new” concepts to reflect on the potential role of the cytoskeleton in balancing life and death of myelin membranes and oligodendrocytes in the aging central nervous system.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Alexandra Guedes for the illustrations in the article. Work in our laboratories was funded by the project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000008-Porto Neurosciences and Neurologic Disease Research Initiative at I3S, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). We also acknowledge the financial support of FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020-Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia)/MCTES in the framework of the project “Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences” (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274). IMP acknowledges the support of the Marie Curie COFUND Programme “NanoTRAINforGrowth”, the EU FP7 grant agreement number 600375, and the project Nanotechnology-based functional solutions (NORTE-01–0145-FEDER-000019), co-financed by NORTE 2020, under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). MMA (SFRH/BD/90301/2012) and AIS (SFRH/BPD/79417/2011) are recipients of individual fellowships from FCT.

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  1. i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal

    Ana Isabel Seixas, Maria Manuela Azevedo, Joana Paes de Faria & João Bettencourt Relvas

  2. IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal

    Ana Isabel Seixas, Maria Manuela Azevedo, Joana Paes de Faria & João Bettencourt Relvas

  3. Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Diogo Fernandes

  4. International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, Braga, Portugal

    Diogo Fernandes & Inês Mendes Pinto

  5. The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine, Porto Campus, Porto, Portugal

    João Bettencourt Relvas

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  1. Ana Isabel Seixas
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  2. Maria Manuela Azevedo
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Seixas, A.I., Azevedo, M.M., Paes de Faria, J. et al. Evolvability of the actin cytoskeleton in oligodendrocytes during central nervous system development and aging. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 76, 1–11 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-018-2915-8

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