Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Performance evaluation of an LED flatbed scanner for triple channel film dosimetry with EBT3 and EBT-XD film

  • Scientific Paper
  • Published:
Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We investigate the properties of a light emitting diode (LED) flatbed scanner for use with EBT3 and EBT-XD film types in a clinical radiochromic film (RCF) dosimetry program with modern treatment techniques. The flatbed scanner was characterised in terms of lateral and longitudinal response, X–Y scaling integrity, scanning reproducibility, scanner warm up dependence and film orientation dependence. The preferred lateral response artefact (LRA) corrections are investigated for the LED light source. Supporting evidence is provided regarding the dose independent nature of the corrections while also providing results suggesting a potential film type independence. Results from 2D gamma analysis of four patient treatments were compared between the new 12000XL and existing 10000XL model. Lastly, a dose uncertainty analysis was performed for the film–scanner system combination. It may be concluded that the lateral response variation requires correction while the longitudinal response variation is insignificant. The linear scaling in the lateral and longitudinal directions are within 0.5% and the scanner reproducibility is stable. Scanner warm up dependence no longer exists, and effort should be made to maintain all film orientation in a study set within 15°. The LRA corrections are as reported substantially dose independent and there is evidence to support film type independence. Comparative gamma analysis of patient specific dose maps between the EPSON 10000XL (xenon fluorescent lamp) and 12000XL (LED) scanners showed that results are indistinguishable for both film types across the two scanner models when the necessary corrections are applied. Dose uncertainty is in agreement with the literature and can be kept below 3% with necessary corrections applied.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Miura H, Ozawa S, Hosono F, Sumida N, Okazue T, Yamada K, Nagata Y (2016) Gafchromic EBT-XD film: dosimetry characterization in high-dose, volumetric-modulated arc therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 17(6):312–322. https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v17i6.6281

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Palmer AL, Dimitriadis A, Nisbet A, Clark CH (2015) Evaluation of Gafchromic EBT-XD film, with comparison to EBT3 film, and application in high dose radiotherapy verification. Phys Med Biol 60(22):8741–8752. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/60/22/8741 (Epub 29 Oct 2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wen N, Lu S, Kim J et al (2016) Precise film dosimetry for stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiotherapy quality assurance using Gafchromic™ EBT3 films. Radiat Oncol 11:132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-016-0709-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Gungor G, Korkmaz L, Kayalilar N et al (2020) Multichannel film dosimetry for quality assurance of intensity modulated radiotherapy treatment plans under 0.35 T magnetic field. Cureus 12(3):e7334. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7334

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Leon-Marroquin EY, Mulrow D, Darafsheh A, Khan R (2019) Response characterization of EBT-XD radiochromic films in megavoltage photon and electron beams. Med Phys 46(9):4246–4256. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.13708

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Niroomand-Rad A, Chiu-Tsao S, Grams MP, Lewis DF, Soares CG, Van Battum LJ, Das IJ, Trichter S, Kissick MW, Massillon-JL G, Alvarez PE, Chan MF (2020) Report of AAPM Task Group 235 Radiochromic film dosimetry: an update to TG-55. Med Phys 47(12):5986–6025. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.14497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lewis D, Chan MF (2015) Correcting lateral response artifacts from flatbed scanners for radiochromic film dosimetry. Med Phys 42(1):416–429. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4903758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lewis DF, Chan MF (2016) Technical Note: on Gafchromic EBT-XD film and the lateral response artifact. Med Phys 43(2):643–649. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4939226

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Aldelaijan S et al (2019) Dose–response linearization in radiochromic film dosimetry based on multichannel normalized pixel value with an integrated spectral correction for scanner response variations. Med Phys 46(11):5336–5349. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.13818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Howard ME, Herman MG, Grams MP (2020) Methodology for radiochromic film analysis using FilmQA Pro and ImageJ. PLoS ONE 15(5):e0233562. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Poppinga D, Schoenfeld AA, Doerner KJ, Blanck O, Harder D, Poppe B (2014) A new correction method serving to eliminate the parabola effect of flatbed scanners used in radiochromic film dosimetry. Med Phys 41(2):021707. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4861098

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Saur S, Frengen J (2008) Gafchromic EBT film dosimetry with flatbed CCD scanner: a novel background correction method and full dose uncertainty analysis. Med Phys 35(7):3094–3101. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2938522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Menegotti L, Delana A, Martignano A (2008) Radiochromic film dosimetry with flatbed scanners: a fast and accurate method for dose calibration and uniformity correction with single film exposure. Med Phys 35(7):3078–3085. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2936334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lynch BD, Kozelka J, Ranade MK, Li JG, Simon WE, Dempsey JF (2006) Important considerations for radiochromic film dosimetry with flatbed CCD scanners and EBT GAFCHROMIC film. Med Phys 33(12):4551–4556. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2370505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Paelinck L, De Neve W, De Wagter C (2007) Precautions and strategies in using a commercial flatbed scanner for radiochromic film dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 52(1):231–242. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/52/1/015 (Epub 18 Dec 2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chung H, Lynch B, Samant S (2010) High-precision GAFCHROMIC EBT film-based absolute clinical dosimetry using a standard flatbed scanner without the use of a scanner non-uniformity correction. J Appl Clin Med Phys 11(2):3112. https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v11i2.3112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Battum LJ, Huizenga H, Verdaasdonk R, Heukelom S (2015) How flatbed scanners upset accurate film dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 61:625–649. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/61/2/625

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Devic S, Seuntjens J, Sham E, Podgorsak EB, Schmidtlein CR, Kirov AS, Soares CG (2005) Precise radiochromic film dosimetry using a flat-bed document scanner. Med Phys 32(7):2245. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1929253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Devic S et al (2004) Dosimetric properties of improved GafChromic films for seven different digitizers. Med Phys 31(9):2392–2401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lewis D, Devic S (2015) Correcting scan-to-scan response variability for a radiochromic film-based reference dosimetry system. Med Phys 42(10):5692–5701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jose L-G, García-Garduño O, Treviño-Palacios CG, Herrera-González J (2018) Evaluation of a LED-based flatbed document scanner for radiochromic film dosimetry in transmission mode. Phys Med 47:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.02.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9(7):671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Efficient protocols for accurate radiochromic film calibration and dosimetry. Accessed 14 February 2022. www.gafchromic.com

  24. Private communication with D. Lewis

  25. Low DA, Harms WB, Mutic S, Purdy JA (1998) A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions. Med Phys 25(5):656. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.598248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lewis D, Micke A, Yu X, Chan MF (2012) An efficient protocol for radiochromic film dosimetry combining calibration and measurement in a single scan. Med Phys 39(10):6339–6350. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4754797

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Buston MJ, Cheung T, Yu PKN (2009) Evaluation of the magnitude of EBT Gafchromic film polarization effects. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 32:21–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Matney JE, Parker BC, Neck DW, Henkelmann G, Rosen II (2010) Evaluation of a commercial flatbed document scanner and radiographic film scanner for radiochromic EBT film dosimetry. J Appl Clin Med Phys 11(2):198–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mr. Robert Crane for his insights during discussions regarding the testing of the lateral response artefact.

Funding

All authors declare that no funding was used for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Physics, Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Townsville, 4814, Australia

    Marchant Van der Walt, Linda Marsh, John Baines, Stephen Gibson, Ariadne Shoobridge & Glenn de Vine

Authors
  1. Marchant Van der Walt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Linda Marsh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John Baines
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stephen Gibson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ariadne Shoobridge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Glenn de Vine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marchant Van der Walt.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Van der Walt, M., Marsh, L., Baines, J. et al. Performance evaluation of an LED flatbed scanner for triple channel film dosimetry with EBT3 and EBT-XD film. Phys Eng Sci Med 45, 901–914 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-022-01161-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-022-01161-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation