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Women farmers in developed countries: a literature review

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Abstract

Very little research into women farmers in developed countries has been produced by economists, but much of what has been studied by scholars in other disciplines has economic implications. This article reviews such research produced by scholars in all disciplines to explore to what extent women farmers are becoming more equal to men farmers and to suggest further contributions to the literature. As examples, topics that has been widely researched in developing countries but have received almost no attention in developed countries include comparisons of men and women farmers’ productivity and their access to and use of resources. Discoveries in these and other areas will be important not only for their insights into the agricultural industry in developed countries, but also because they will inform, and be informed by, research on women farmers in developing countries.

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Notes

  1. Value-added agriculture is “the process of differentiating the raw agriculture product or commodity” (Wright and Annes 2016, p. 552–553), and includes processing raw products into other goods (pies, jams, etc.); organic, local, or other certification labeling; direct-to-consumer marketing (farmer’s markets, community-supported agriculture, farm tourism, etc.); or other cases in which “producers receive price premiums for melding raw commodities with socially desirable attributes.”

  2. Alternative agriculture refers here to practices such as organic growing, local selling, and smaller-scale and mixed-use farming. Traditional farming refers to practices such as conventional growing, national or international selling, large-scale production, and monoculture farming.

  3. Life capital (as reported by Sumner (2004, p. 79)) is defined by philosopher McMurtry (2003) as “life-wealth that produces more wealth not just by sustaining it, but by ‘value-adding’ to it through providing more and better life goods.” Sumner goes on to explain, “Life goods include such means of life as breathable air, nutritious food, clean water, adequate shelter, healthcare, vibrant communities, and healthy ecosystems.”

  4. Trauger et al. (2010a, p. 44) describe civic agriculture as the “building [of] local markets… designed to promote community social and economic development.”

  5. The FSA of the USDA is a lending agency that provides loans to creditworthy borrowers who have been unable to obtain a commercial loan for reasons such as being new to farming, having inadequate collateral, or being victim to a natural disaster. The FSA also serves Socially Disadvantaged Applicants, who are women and ethnic minorities (USDA 2017, 2019).

  6. “Gender mainstreaming” has become the term used for the policy of “mainstreaming the gender perspective in all policies and programs” which was adopted by the Commission of the European Union in 1996 (Prügl 2009, p. 174).

Abbreviations

CAP:

Common Agricultural Policy

CSA:

Community supported agriculture

EU:

European Union

FSA:

Farm Service Agency

JFV:

Joint farming venture

OECD:

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

PA-WAgN:

Pennsylvania Women’s Agricultural Network

USDA:

United States Department of Agriculture

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Acknowledgements

The author thanks participants of the Missouri Valley Economics Association annual meeting, and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions. A Beatrice Summer Stipend from Washburn University’s School of Business is also gratefully acknowledged.

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    Jennifer A. Ball

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Ball, J.A. Women farmers in developed countries: a literature review. Agric Hum Values 37, 147–160 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-019-09978-3

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