Thermotoga maritima AglA, an extremely thermostable NAD⁺-, Mn²⁺-, and thiol-dependent α-glucosidase

Abstract

The gene for the α-glucosidase AglA of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima MSB8, which was identified by phenotypic screening of a T. maritima gene library, is located within a cluster of genes involved in the hydrolysis of starch and maltodextrins and the uptake of maltooligosaccharides. According to its primary structure as deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the gene, AglA belongs to family 4 of glycosyl hy-drolases. The enzyme was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. The T. maritimaα-glucosidase has the unusual property of requiring NAD⁺ and Mn²⁺ for activity. Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ also activated AglA, albeit less efficiently than Mn²⁺. T. maritima AglA represents the first example of a maltodextrin-degrading α-glucosidase with NAD⁺ and Mn²⁺ requirement. In addition, AglA activity depended on reducing conditions. This third requirement was met by the addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) or β-mercaptoethanol to the assay. Using gel permeation chromatography, T. maritima AglA behaved as a dimer (two identical 55-kDa subunits), irrespective of metal depletion or metal addition, and irrespective of the presence or absence of NAD⁺ or DTT. The enzyme hydrolyzes maltose and other small maltooligosaccharides but is inactive against the polymeric substrate starch. AglA is not specific with respect to the configuration at the C-4 position of its substrates because glycosidic derivatives of d-galactose are also hydrolyzed. In the presence of all cofactors, maximum activity was recorded at pH 7.5 and 90°C (4-min assay). AglA is the most thermoactive and the most thermostable member of glycosyl hydrolase family 4. When incubated at 50°C and 70°C, the recombinant enzyme suffered partial inactivation during the first hours of incubation, but thereafter the residual activity did not drop below about 50% and 20% of the initial value, respectively, within a period of 48 h.