Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genetically determined male infertility and assisted reproduction techniques

  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This is a review of the common chromosome and genetic disorders associated with male infertility that need to be considered by the clinician and the couple in the context of treatment. Until recently the most relevant disorders have been those inherited from parents, however, with the advent of technologies enabling recovery of sperm from the testicle in men with severely damaged spermatogenesis there is increased interest in those genetic abnormalities that may occur in mitosis and meioses. It is likely that over the next ten years there will be increasing focus on this aspect of male fertility genetic disorders. This article needs to be read in conjunction with the specific in depth reviews in this journal edition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lewis S.E. Life cycle of the mammalian germ cell: Implication for spontaneous mutation frequencies. Teratology 1999, 59: 205–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Saffman E.E., Lasko P. Germline development in vertebrates and invertebrates. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 1999, 55: 1141–1163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Persson J.W. A hypothesis on the origin of germ cell mutation and evolutionary role of extra embryonic mutation. Hum. Reprod. 1999: 1840–1841.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Simmerly C., Wu G.J., Zoran S., Ord T., Rawlins R., Jones J., Navara C., Gerrity M., Rinehart J., Binor Z., Asch R., et al. The paternal inheritance of the centrosome, the cells microtubular organizing center in humans and the implications for infertility. Nat. Med. 1995, 1: 47–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Van-Assche E., Bonduelle M., Tournaye H., Joris H., Verheyen G., Devroey P., Steirteghem A.V., Liebaers I. Cytogenetics of infertile men. Hum. Reprod. (Suppl. 4) 1996, 11: 1–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Johnson M.D. Genetic risks of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of male infertility: recommendations for genetic counseling and screening. Fertil. Steril. 1998, 70: 397–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Peschka B., Leygraaf J., van der Ven K., Montag M., Schartmann B., Schubert R., van der Ven H., Schwanitz R. Type and frequency of chromosome aberrations in 781 couple undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 2257–2263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. De-Braekeleer M., Dao T.N. Cytogenetic studies in male infertility: a review. Hum. Reprod. 1991, 6: 245–250.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Okada H., Fujioka H., Tatsumi N., Kanzaki M., Okuda Y., Fujisawa M., Hazama M., Matsumoto O., Gohji K., Arakawa S., Kamidono S. Klinefelter’s syndrome in the male infertility clinic. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 946–952.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Tournaye H., Staessen C., Liebaers I., Assche E.V., Devroey P., Bonduelle M., Steirteghem A.V. Testicular sperm recovery in nine 47 XXY Klinefelter patients. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11: 1644–1649.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang C., Baker H.W.G., Burger H.G., De Kretser D.M., Hudson B. Hormonal studies in men with Klinefelter’s syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1975, 4: 399–414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chevret E., Rousseaux S., Monteil M. Increased incidence of hyperhaploid 24 XY spermatozoa detected by three-colour FISH in a 46XY/ 47XXY male. Hum. Genet. 1996, 97: 171–175.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Martini E., Geraedts J.P.M., Liebaers I., Land J.A., Capitanio G.L., Ramaekers F.C.S., Hopman A.H.N. Constitution of semen samples from XYY and XXY males as analysed by in-situ hybridization. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11: 1638–1643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cozzi J., Chevret E., Rousseaux S. Achievement of meiosis in XXY germ cells: study of 543 sperm karyotypes from an XY/XXY mosaic patient. Hum. Genet. 1994, 93: 32–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Estop A.M., Munne S., Cieply K.M., Vandermark K.K., Lamb A.N., Fisch H. Meiotic products of a Klinefelter 47,XXY male as determined by sperm fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis. Hum. Reprod. 1998, 13: 124–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Foresta C., Galeazzi C., Bettella A., Stella M., Scandellari C. High incidence of sperm sex chromosomes aneuploidies in two patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83: 203–205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Guttenbach M., Michelmann H.W., Hinney B., Engel W., Schmid M. Segregation of sex chromosomes into sperm nuclei in a man with 47,XXY Klinefelter’s karyotype: a FISH analysis. Hum. Genet. 1997, 99: 474–477.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hennebicq S., Pelletier R., Rousseaux S., Sele B. Segregation of sex chromosomes in a Klinefelter patient (47,XXY). 15th Annual Meeting of the ESHRE. Abstract book 1. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 66.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Persson J.W., Peter G.B., Saunders D.M. Is ICSI associated with risks of genetic disease? Implications for counselling, practice and research. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11: 921–924.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chevret E.R.S., Monteil M., Usson Y., Cozzi J., Pelletier R., Sele B. Meiotic behaviour of sex chromosomes investigated by three-colour FISH on 35142 sperm nuclei from two 47,XYY males. Hum. Genet. 1997, 99: 407–412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chandley A.C., Edmond P.E., Christie S., Gowans I., Fletcher J., Frackiewicz A., Newton M. Cytogenetics and infertility in man. Results of a five year study of men attending a subfertility clinic. Ann. Hum. Genet. 1975, 39: 231–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Moog U., Coonen E., Dumoulin J.C.M., Engelen J.J.M. Karyotypes of men involved in ICSI programmes: the Maastricht experience, April 1994 to date. 12th Annual Meeting of the EHSRE, Maastricht, 1996. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11: 223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bowles J.T. The evolution of aging: a new approach to an old problem of biology. Med. Hypotheses 1998, 51: 179–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Franco B., Guioli S., Pragliola A., Incerti B., Bardoni B., Tonlorenzi R., Carrozzo R., Maestrini E., Pieretti M., Taillon-Miller P. A gene deleted in Kallmann’s syndrome shares homology with neural cell adhesion and axonal pathfinding molecules. Nature 1991, 353: 529–536.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sauten R.J., Paulsen C.A. Hypogonadotrophic Eunuchoidism. I. Clinical study of the mode of inheritance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1973, 36: 47–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Tincello D.G., Saunders P.T.K., Hargreave T.B. Preliminary investigations on androgen receptor gene mutations in infertile men. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 1997, 3: 941–943.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wennerholm U-B., Bergh C., Hamberger L., Lundin K., Nilsson L., Wikland M., Kallen B. Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. Hum. Reprod. 2000, 15: 944–948.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Dowsing A.T., Yong E.L., Clark M., McLachlan R.I., De-Kretser D.M., Trounson A.O. Linkage between male infertility and trinucleotide repeat expansion in the androgen-receptor gene. Lancet 1999: 640–643.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Vogt P.H. Risk of neurodegenerative diseases in children by intracytoplasmic sperm injection? Lancet 1999, 354: 611–612.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ma K., Sharkey A., Kirsch S., Vogt P., Keil R., Hargreave T.B., McBeath S., Chandley A.C. Towards the molecular localisation of the AZF locus: mapping of microdeletions in azoospermic men within 14 subintervals of interval 6 of the human Y chromosome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1992, 1: 29–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Vogt P., Chandley A.C., Hargreave T.B., Keil R., Ma K., Sharkey A. Microdeletions in interval 6 of the Y chromosome of males with idiopathic sterility point to disruption of AZ, a human spermatogenesis gene. Hum. Genet. 1992, 89: 491–496.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mallidis C., Loveland K., Najmabadi H., McLaughlin R., Baker G., Bhasin S., De-Kretser D.M. The incidence the deleted azoospermia gene in infertile men. 12th Annual Meeting, Maastricht 1996. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11: 56–57.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kent-First M., Muallem A. Development of a large highly diagnostic panel of multiplexed sequence tagged sites (STS’S) which cover key regions on human Yq: its application in fertile and infertile (azoospermic and oligozoospermic) populations. In: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Y Chromosome. Organised by the National Institutes of Health USA and Human Genome Organisation, Medical Research Council, UK. Asilomar Conference Centre, Pacific Grove, California, Sept. 17–20, 1995, pp. 24–25.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kupker W., Ludwig M., Hahn K., Al-Hasani S., Montzka P., Felberbaum R., Sturm R., Yilmaz A., Diedrich K. Prevalence of microdeletions in the azoospermia factor region of the Y chromosome in cases of azoospermia and severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. 12th Annual Meeting of the EHSRE, Maastricht 1996. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11: 57.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kobayashi K., Mizuno K., Hida A., Komaki R., Tomita K., Matsushita I., Namiki M., Iwamoto T., Tamura S., Minowada S., Nakahori Y., et al. PCR analysis of the Y chromosome long arm in azoospermic patients: evidence for a second locus required for spermatogenesis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1994, 3: 1965–1967.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Najmabadi H., Huang V., Yen P., Subbarao M.N., Bhasin D., Banaag L., Naseeruddin S., De Kretser D.M., Baker H.W.G., McLachlan R.I., Loveland K.A., et al. Substantial prevalence of microdeletions of the Y chromosome in infertile men with idiopathic azoospermia and oligozoospermia detected using a sequence-tagged site-based mapping strategy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 81: 1347–1352.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Reijo R., Alagappan P.K., Patrizio P., Page D.C. Severe oligozoospermia resulting from deletions of azoospermia factor gene on Y chromosome. Lancet 1996, 347: 1290–1293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Qureshi S.J., Ross A.R., Ma K., Cooke H.J., McIntyre M.A., Hargreave T.B. Polymerase chain reaction screening for Y chromosome microdeletions: a first step towards the diagnosis of genetically determined spermatogenetic failure in men. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 2: 775–779.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Foresta C., Rassato M., Garolla A., Ferlin A. Male infertility and ICSI: are there any limits? Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11: 2347–2348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Stuppia L., Mastroprimiano G., Calabrese G., Peila R., Tanaglia R., Palka G. Microdeletions in interval 6 of the Y chromosome detected by STS-PCR in 6 of 33 patients with idiopathic oligo- or azoospermia. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1996, 72: 155–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vogt P., Edelmann A., Kirsch S. Human Y-Chromosome azoospermic factors AZF mapped to different regions in Ya11. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1996, 5: 933–943.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pryor J.L., Kent-First M., Muallem A., Van Bergen A.H., Nolten W.E., Meisner L., Roberts K.P. Microdeletions in the Y chromosome of infertile men. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 336: 534–539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Foresta C., Ferlin A., Garolla A., Rossato M., Barbaux S., Debortoli A. Y-chromosome deletions in idiopathic severe testiculopathies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997, 82: 1075–1080.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Simoni M., Gromoll J., Dwoniczak B., Rolf C., Abshagen K., Kamischke A., Carani C., Meschede D., Behre H.M., Horst J., Nieschlag E. Screening for deletions of the Y chromosome involving the DAZ (Deleted in Azoospermia) gene in azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 1997, 67: 542–547.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Girardi S.K., Mielnik A., Schlegel P.N. Submicroscopic deletions in the Y chromosome of infertile men. Hum. Reprod. 1997, 12: 1635–1641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Stuppia L., Gatta V., Calabrese G., Franchi P.G., Morizio E., Bombieri C., Mingarelli R., Sforza V., Frajese G., Tenaglia R., Palka G. A quarter of men with idiopathic oligo-azospermia display chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions of different types in interval 6 of Yq11. Hum. Genet. 1998, 102: 566–570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Krausz C., Bussani-Mastellone C., Granchi S., McElreavey K., Scarselli G., Forti G. Screening for microdeletions of Y chromosome genes in patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 1717–1721.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kleiman S.E., Yogev L., Gamzu R., Hauser R., Botchan A., Lessing J.B., Paz G., Yavetz H. Genetic evaluation of infertile men. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 33–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kent-First M.G., Kol S., Maullem A., Blazer S., Itskovitz-Eldor J. Infertility in intracytoplasmic sperm injection-derived sons (Letter, comment). Lancet 1996, 348: 332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Stuppia L., Gatta V., Mastroprimiano G. Clustering of Y chromosome deletions in subinterval E of interval 6 supports the existence of an oligozoospermia critical region outside the DAZ gene. J. Med. Genet. 1997, 34: 881–883.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mulhall J.P., Reijo R., Alagappan R., Brown L., Page D., Carson R., Oates R.D. Azoospermic men with deletion of the DAZ gene cluster are capable of completing spermatogenesis: fertilization, normal embryonic development and pregnancy occur when retrieved testicular spermatozoa are used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 1997, 12: 503–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Silber S.J., Alagappan R., Brown L.G., Page D.C. Y chromosome deletions in azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic men undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection after testicular sperm extraction. Hum. Reprod. 1998, 13: 3332–3337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kamischke A., Gromoll J., Simoni M., Behre H.M., Nieschlag E. Transmission of a Y chromosomal deletion involving the deleted in azoospermia (DAZ) and chromodomain (CDYI) genes from father to son through intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 2320–2322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kleiman S.E., Yogev L., Gamzu R., Hauser R., Botchan A., Paz G., Lessing J.B, Yaron Y., Yavetz H. Three-generation evaluation of Y-chromosome microdeletion. J. Androl. 1999, 20: 394–398.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Page D., Silber S., Brown L.G. Men with infertility caused by AZFc deletion can produce sons by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, but are likely to transmit the deletion and infertility. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 1722–1726.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Henegariu O., Hirschmann P., Killian K., Kirsch S., Lengauer C., Maiwald R., Mielke K., Vogt P. Rapid screening of the Y chromosome in idiopathic sterile men, diagnostic for deletions in AZF, a genetic Y factor expressed during spermatogenesis. Andrologia 1994, 26: 97–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Simoni M., Nieschlag E. Molecular diagnostics of Y chromosomal microdeletions: the international quality control programme of the European Academy of Andrology. 15th Annual Meeting of the ESHRE. Abstract book 1. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 92–93.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ferlin A., Moro E., Onisto M., Toscano E., Brettella A., Foresta C. Absence of testicular DAZ gene expression in idiopathic severe testiculopathies. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 2286–2292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Van Golde R.J.T., Nap A.W., Tuerlings J.H.A.M., De-Sutter P., Pieters M.H.E.C., Giltay J.C., Kastrop P.M.M., Bijlsma E.K., Braat D.D.M., Kremer J.A.M. Reproductive decisions of men with microdeletions of Y chromosome: the role of genetic counselling. 15th Annual Meeting of the ESHRE. Abstract Book 1. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 94.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Donat R., McNeill A.S., Fetzpatrick D.R., Hargreave T.B. The incidence of cystic fibrosis gene mutation in patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens in Scotland. Br. J. Urol. 1997, 79: 74–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Dean M., Santis G. Heterogenecity in the severity of cystic fibrosis and the role of the CFTR gene mutations. Hum. Genet. 1994, 93: 364–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tournaye H., Devroey P., Liu J., Nagy Z., Lissens W., Van-Steirteghem A. Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a new effective approach to infertility as a result of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. Fertil. Steril. 1994, 61: 1045–1051.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Oates R.D., Amos J.A. The genetic basis of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and cystic fibrosis. J. Androl. 1994, 15: 1–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mercier B., Verlingue C., Lissens W., Silber S.J., Noveli G., Bonduelle M., Audrezet M.P., Ferec C. Is congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens primary form of cystic fibrosis ? Analysis of the CFTR gene in 67 patients. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1995, 56: 272–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chillon M., Casals T., Mercier B., Bassas L., Lissens W., Silber S., Romey M.C., Ruiz-Romero J., Verlingue C., Claustres M., Nunes V., et al. Mutations in cystic fibrosis gene in patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332: 1475–1480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Drake M.J., Quinn F.M. Absent vas deferens and ipsilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney in a child. Br. J. Urol. 1996, 77: 756–757.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Augarten A., Yahav Y., Kerem B.S., Halle D., Laufer J., Szeinberg A., Dor J., Mashiach S., Gazit E., Madgar I. Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens in the absence of cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1994, 344: 1473–1474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nudell D., Castillo M., Turek P.J., Pera R.R. Increased frequency of mutations in DNA from infertile men with meiotic arrest. Hum. Reprod. 2000, 15: 1289–1294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Zeyneloglu H.B., Baltaci V., Ege S., Haberal A., Batioglu S. Detection of chromosomal abnormalities by fluorescent in-situ hybridization in immotile viable spermatozoa determined by hypo-osmotic sperm swelling test. Hum. Reprod. 2000, 15: 853–856.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Finkelstein S., Mukamel E., Yavetz H., Paz G., Avivi L. Increased rate of nondisjunction in sex cells derived from low quality semen. Hum. Genet. 1998, 102: 129–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Martin R.H. The risk of chromosomal abnormalities following ICSI. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11: 924–925.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gazvani M.R., Wilson E.D.A., Richmond D.H., Howard P.J., Kingsland C.R., Lewis-Jones D.I. Evaluation of the role of mitotic instability in karyotypically normal men with oligozoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 2000, 73: 51–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kuroki Y., Iwamoto T., Lee J., Yoshiike M., Nozawa S., Nishida T., Ewis A.A, Nakamura H., Toda T., Tokunaga K., Kotliarova S.E., et al. Spermatogenic ability is different among males in different Y chromosome. Iineage. Hum. Genet. 1999, 44: 289–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Irvine D.S., Twigg J.P., Gordon E.L., Fulton N., Milne P.A., Aitken R.J. DNA integrity in human spermatozoa: relationships with semen quality. J. Androl. 2000, 21: 33–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Chatterjee R., Haines G.A., Perera D.M.D., Goldstone A., Morris I.D. Testicular and sperm DNA damage after treatment with fludarabine for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hum. Reprod. 2000, 15: 762–766.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Griffin D.K., Abruzzo M.A., Millie E.A., Sheean L.A., Feingold E., Sherman S.L., Hassold T.J. Non-disjunction in human sperm: evidence for an effect of increasing paternal age. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1995, 4: 2227–2232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Tolarova M.M., Harris J.A., Ordway D.E., Vargervik K. Birth prevalence, mutation rate, sex ratio, parent’s age and ethnicity in Apert syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1997, 72: 394–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Linden J.V., Centola G. New American Association of Tissue Banks standards for semen banking. Fertil. Steril. 1997, 68: 597–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. British Andrology Society. British Andrology Society guidelines for the screening of semen donors for donor insemination (1999). Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 1823–1826.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lansac J., Thepot F., Mayuax M.J. Pregnancy outcome after artificial insemination or IVF with frozen semen donor: a collaborative study of the French CECOS Federation on 21,597 pregnancies. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 1997, 74: 223–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Danan C., Sterberg D., Steirteghem A.V., Cazeneuve C., Duquesnoy P., Besmond C., Goossens M., Lissens W., Amselem S. Evaluation of parental mitochondrial inheritance in neonates born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1999, 65: 463–473.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Giltay J.C., Kastrop P.M.M., Tuerlings J.H.A.M., Kremer J.A.M., Tiemessen C.H.J., Gerssen-Schoorl K.B.J., van-der-Veen F., De-Vries J., Hordijk R., Hamers G.J.H., Hansson K., et al. Subfertile men with constitutive chromosome abnormalities do not necessarily refrain from intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment: a follow-up study on 75 Dutch patients. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14: 318–320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK

    Tim Hargreave M.S., FRCSEd, FRCPEd, FEB (Part time Senior Lecturer, Consultant Urological Surgeon)

  2. Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

    Tim Hargreave M.S., FRCSEd, FRCPEd, FEB (Part time Senior Lecturer, Consultant Urological Surgeon)

Authors
  1. Tim Hargreave M.S., FRCSEd, FRCPEd, FEB
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hargreave, T. Genetically determined male infertility and assisted reproduction techniques. J Endocrinol Invest 23, 697–710 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343796

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343796

Key-words

Search

Navigation