Abstract
AIM: The purpose of this article is to focus on aetiology and appropriate treatment techniques concerning anklyosis of primary molars. LITERATURE: The dental literature is reviewed in detail concerning aetiology, frequency of occurrence, diagnosis and longevity of ankylosed primary molars without successors. Treatment concepts are discussed. Long term implications of treatment decisions made in the mixed dentition are emphasised. Areas of treatment that are unsupported by evidence are identified as potential research topics. CONCLUSION: When the underlying premolar is present and the infra-occlusion is not progressive, then observation is appropriate. Only when there is severe disruption to the occlusion and/or the underlying premolar, extraction and space management may be appropriate. When the ankylosed primary molar has no underlying premolar, orthodontic input is needed to determine if extraction and space closure, extraction and transplantation or extraction and prosthetic replacement is the best plan.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baccetti T. A controlled study of associated dental anomolies Angle Orthod. 1998 66:267–74
Becker A, Karnei-Rém RM. The effects of infraocclusion Part I: Tilting of the adjacent teeth and local space loss. Amer. J. Orthod. 1992a 102:256–264
Becker A, Karnei-Rém RM. The effects of infraocclusion Part II: The type of movement of the adjacent teeth and their vertical development. Amer. J. Orthod. 1992b 102:302–309
Becker A, Karnei-Rém RM, Steigman S. The effects of infraocclusion Part III: Dental arch length and midline. Amer. J. Orthod. 1992c 102:427–433
Biederman W. Etiology and Treatment of Tooth Ankylosis.Am. J. Orthod. 1962 48; 670–684
Bjerklin K, Bennett J. The long term survival of lower second primary molars in subjects with agenesis of the premolars. Eur. J. Orthod. 2000 22:245–255
Bjerklin K, Kurol J, Valentin J. Ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars and association with other tooth and development disturbances. Eur. J. Orthod. 1992 14:369–375
Brearley LJ, McKibben DH. Ankylosis of primary molar teeth (i) Prevalence and characteristics (ii) A Longitudinal Study J. Dent. Chil. 1973 40:54–63
Garib DG, Peck S, Gomes SC. Increased occurrence of dental anomolies associated with second premolar agenesis. Angle Orthod 2009 79:436–441
Hansen K, Kjaer I. Persistence of deciduous molars in subjects with agenesis of the second premolars. Eur. J. Orthod 2000 22:239–243
Jonsson T, Sigurdson TJ. Autotransplantation of premolars to premolar sites. A long term follow up study of 40 consecutive patients. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 125:668–675
Kokich VG, Kokich VO. Congenitally missing mandibular second premolars: Clinical options. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 130:437–444
Kurol J. Infra-Occlusion of Primary Molars: An Epidemiologic and Familial Study Community Dent. Oral. Epidemiol 1981 9:94–102
Kurol J. Infraocclusion of Primary Molars An epidemiological, familial, longitudinal, clinical and histological study. Swed Dent J Suppl 1984; 21:1–67
Kurol J, Koch G. The effect of extraction of infraoccluded primary molars. A longitudinal study. Am. J. Orthod. 1985 87:46–55
Kurol J, Thilander B. Infra-Occlusion of Primary Molars with Aplasia of the Permanent Successor A Longitudinal Study Angle Orthod 1984a 54:283–294
Kurol J, Thilander B. Infra-occlusion of primary molars and the effect on occlusal development A longitudinal study Eur. J. Orthod. 1984b 6:277–293
Kurol J, Olson L. Ankylosis of Primary Molars — A Future Periodontal Threat to the First Permanent Molars? Europ J of Ortho 1991 13:404–409
Malmgren B, Cvek M, Lundberg M, Frykholm A. Surgical treatment of ankylosed and infrapositioned re-implanted incisors in adolescents. Scand J Dent Res 1984 92:391–9.
Messer LB, Cline JT. Ankylosed primary molars. Results and treatment recommendations from an eight year longitudinal study. Ped. Dent. 1980 2:37–47
Noble J, Karaiskos N, Wiltshire WA. Diagnosis and Management of the Infra-Erupted Primary Molar Brit Dent J 2007 203:632–634
Ostler MS, Kokich VG. Alveolar ridge changes in patients with congenitally missing mandibular second premolars. J. Prosth. Dent. 1994 71:144–149
Rule JT, Zacherl WA, Pfefferle AM. The relationship between ankylosed primary molars and multiple enamel defects. J. Dent. Child. 1972 39:29–35
Rune B, Sarnas KV. Root resorption and submergence in retained deciduous second molars. Eur. J. Orthod. 1984 6:123–131
Ruprecht A, Wright GZ. Ankylosis with and without oligodontia: Report of seven cases. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 1967 9:444–447.
Sabri R. Management of over-retained mandibular deciduous second molars with and without permanent successors. World J. Ortho. 2008:9:209–219.
Sandor GKB, Kainulainen VT, Queiroz JO, Carmichael RP, Oikarinen KS. Preservation of ridge dimensions following grafting with coral granules of 48 post-traumatic and post-extraction dento-alveolar defects. Dental Traumatology 2003 19:221–7
Scurrin MS, Bader JD Shugars DA. Meta-analysis of fixed partial denture survival; prostheses and abutments. J. Prosth. Dent. 1998 79:459–464
Sletten DW, Smith BM, Southard KA, Casko JS Southard TE. Retained deciduous mandibular molars in adults. A radiographic study of long term changes. Am. J. Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2003 124:625–630
Smalley WM. Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Management of Dentitions with Missing and/or Abnormally Proportioned Teeth. Ed. Cohen M. Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Treatment Planning — Principles, Design, Implementation. Quintessence, Chicago 2008
Steigman S, Koyoumdjisky-Kaye E, Matrai Y. Submerged Deciduous Molars in Preschool Children; an Epidemiologic Survey J. Dent Research Res 1973 52:322–326
Teague AM, Barton T, Parry WJ. Management of the Submerged Deciduous Tooth: I. Aetiology, Diagnosis and Potential Consequences. Dental Update 1999 26:292–296
Teague AM, Barton T, Parry WJ. Management of the Submerged Deciduous Tooth: 2. Treatment Dental Update 1999 26:350–352
Zachrisson BU, Stenvik A, Haanaes HR. Management of missing maxillary anterior teeth with an emphasis on autotransplantation. Amer J. Orthod Dentofac Orthoped 2004 126:284–288
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kennedy, D.B. Treatment strategies for ankylosed primary molars. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 10, 201–210 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262683
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262683