References
Obrant KJ, Bengner U. Johnell O, Nilsson BE, Sernbo I. Increasing age-adjusted risk of fragiLJty fractures: a sign of increasing osteoporosis in successive generations? Calcif Tissue Int 1980; 44:157–67.
Cummings SR, Black DM, Rubin SM. Lifetime risks of hip, Colles’, or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:2445–8.
Lindsay R, Dempster DW, Clemens T, Herrington BS, Wilt S. Incidence, cost and risk factors of fractures of the proximal femur in the USA. In C. Christiansen et al., eds. Osteoporosis. Glostrup, Denmark: Dept. of CLJnical Chemistry, Glostrup Hospital. 1984:311–15.
Nordin BEC, Heyburn PJ, Peacock M, Horsman A, Aaron J, Marshall D, Crilly RG. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 9:177–204.
Lips P, Taconis WK, Van Ginkel FC, Netelenbos JC. Radiologic morphometry in patients with femoral neck fractures and elderly control subjects. Clin Orthop 1984; 183:64–70.
Riggs BL, Melton LJ III. Evidence for two distinct syndromes of involutional osteoporosis. Am J Med 1983; 75:899–901.
Aitken JM. Relevance of osteoporosis in women with fracture of the femoral neck. Br Med J 1984; 288:597–601.
Uitewaal PJM, Lips P, Netelenbos JC. An analysis of bone structure in patients with hip fracture. Bone Miner 1987; 3:63–73.
Melton LJ, Cummings SR. Heterogeneity of age-related fractures: implications for epidemiology. Bone Miner 1987; 2:321–31.
Apfelbach GL, Aries LJ. Ambulatory treatment of fractures of the neck of the femur. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1936; 63:341–8.
Alffram PA. An epidemiologic study of cervical and trochanteric fractures of the femur in an urban population. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1964; 25:1–109.
Heaney RP. Qualitative factors in osteoporotic fracture: The state of the question. In: Christiansen C, Johansen JS, Riis BJ, eds. Osteoporosis 1987. Copenhagen: Osteopress, 1987:281–7.
Lips P. Metabolic causes and prevention of hip fractures. PhD. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1982.
Udén G, Nilsson BE. Hip fracture frequent in hospital. Acta Orthop Scand 1986; 57:428–30.
Mosekilde Li. Age-related changes in vertebral trabecular bone architecture — assessed by a new method. Bone 1988; 9:247–50.
Chalmers J, Barclay A, Davidson AM, Macleod DAD, Williams DA. Quantitative measurements of osteoid in health and disease. Clin Orthop 1969; 63:196–209.
Overstall PW, Exton-Smith AN, Imms FJ, Johnson AL. Falls in the elderly related to postural imbalance. Br Med J 1977; i:261–4.
Tinetti ME, Speechly M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1701–7.
Boland R. Role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle function Endocrinol Rev 1986; 7:434–8.
Prudham D, Grimberg Evans J. Factors associated with falls in the elderly, a community study. Age Aging 1981; 10:141–6.
Cummings SR. Epidemiology of hip fractures. In: Christiansen C, Johansen JS, Riis BJ, eds. Osteoporosis 1987. Copenhagen: Osteopress, 1987:40–4.
Cooper C, Barker DJP, Morris J, Briggs RSJ. Osteoporosis, falls and age in fracture of the proximal femur. Br Med J 1987; 294:404–406.
Cummings SR. Are patients with hip fractures more osteoporotic? Am J Med 1985; 78:487–94.
Melton LJ, Eddy DM, Johnston CC. Screening for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:516–28.
Heaney RP. Determinants of age-related bone loss. In: Frame B, Potts JT, eds. Clinical disorders of bone and mineral metabolism. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1983:333–6. (International congress series; vol 617).
Matkovic V, Kostial K, Simonovic I, Buzina R, Brodarec A, Nordin BEC. Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32:540–9.
Kanis JA, Passmore R. Calcium supplementation of the diet: not justified by present evidence. I and II. Br Med J 1989; 298:137–40, 205-8.
Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Mazess RB, Offord KB, Melton LJ. Differential changes in bone mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging: relationship to spinal osteoporosis. J Clin Invest 1981; 67:328–35.
Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CL, Appledorn CR. Effects of age and menopause on vertebral bone density. Bone Miner 1987; 2:1416.
Elders PJM, Netelenbos JC, Lips P, van Ginkel FC, vd Stelt PF. Accelerated vertebral bone loss in relation to the menopause: a cross-sectional study on lumbar bone density in 286 women of 46 to 55 years of age. Bone Miner 1988; 5: 11–19.
Fox KM, Tobin JD, Plato CC. Longitudinal study of bone loss in the second metacarpal. Calcif Tissue Int 1986; 39:218–25.
Hutchinson TA, Polanski SM, Feinstein AR. Postmenopausal oestrogens protect against fractures of hip and distal radius. Lancet 1979; ii:705–9.
Weiss NS, Ure CL, Ballard JH, Williams AR, Daling JR. Decreased risk of fractures of the hip and lower forearm with postmenopausal use of estrogen. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1195–8.
Paganini Hill A, Ross RK, Gerkins VR, Henderson BE, Arthur M, Mack TM. Menopausal estrogen therapy and hip fractures. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95:28–31.
Kiel DP, Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Wilson PW, Moskowitz MA. Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women. The Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1169–74.
Exton-Smith AN, Millard PH, Payne PR, Wheeler EF. Patterns of development and loss of bone with age. Lancet 1969; ii: 1154–7.
Riggs BL, Melton U. Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:1676–86.
Holbrook TL, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard D. Dietary calcium and risk of hip fracture. Lancet 1988; ii:1046–9.
Lau E, Donnan S, Barker DJP, Cooper C. Physical activity and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Hong Kong. Br Med J 1988; 297:1441–3.
Cooper C, Barker DJP, Wickham C. Physical activity, muscle strength and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Britain. Br Med J 1988; 297:1443–6.
Wickham CAC, Walsh K, Cooper C et al. Dietary calcium, physical activity and risk of hip fracture: a prospective study. Br Med J 1989; 299:1189–92.
Ray WA, Griffin MR, Downey W, Melton U. Long-term use of thiazide diuretics and risk of hip fracture. Lancet 1989; i:687–90.
LaCroix AZ, Wienpahl J, White LR et al. Thiazide diuretic agents and the incidence of hip fracture. N Engl J Med 1990: 322:286–90.
Nordin BEC, Hcaney RP. Calcium supplementation of the diet: justified by present evidence. Br Med J 1990; 300: 1056–60.
Horsman A, Nordin BEC, Simpson M, Speed R. Cortical and trabecular bone status in elderly women with femoral neck fracture. Clin Orthop 1982; 166:143–51.
Elsasser V, Hesp R, Klenerman L, Wootton R. Deficit of trabecular and cortical bone in elderly women with fracture of the femoral neck. Clin Sci 1980; 59:393–5.
Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Seeman E et al. Changes in bone mineral density of the proximal femur and spine with aging. J Clin Invest 1982; 70:716–23.
Kr/ℓner B, Pors Nielsen S. Bone mineral content of the lumbar spine in normal and osteoporotic women: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Clin Sci 1982; 62:329–36.
Bohr H, Schaadt O. Bone mineral content of femoral bone and the lumbar spine measured in women with fracture of the femoral neck by dual photon absorptiometry. Clin Orthop 1983; 179: 240–5.
Colson F. Le terrain osseux des fractures de l’extrémite supérieure du fémur. Epidémiologie,radiogrammétrie, histomorphométrie osseuse. Thesis, 1982; Claude Bernard University, Lyon, 1982.
Lips P, Uitewaal P, Taconis WK, Netelenbos JC. Are hip fractures caused by osteoporosis? In: Ristiansen C, Johansen JS, Riis BJ, eds. Osteoporosis 1987. Copenhagen: Osteopress 1987:362–3.
Ross PD, Davis JW, Vogel JM, Wasnich RD. A critical review of bone mass and the risk of fractures in osteoporosis. Calif Tissue Int 1990; 46:149–61.
Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC. Baseline measurement of bone mass predicts fracture in white women. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111:355–361.
Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC et al. Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women. JAMA 1990; 263:665–8.
Slemenda CW, Hui SL, Longcope C, Wellman H, Johnston CC. Predictors of bone mass in perimenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:96–101.
Lips P, Netelenbos JC, Jongen MJM et al. Histomorphometric profile and vitamin D status in patients with femoral neck fracture. Metab Bone Dis Rel Res 1982; 4:85–93.
Nagant de Deuxchaisnes Ch, Devogelaer JP. Increase in the incidence of hip fractures and of the ratio of trochanteric to cervical hip fractures in Belgium. Calcif Tissue Int 1988; 43:2013.
Johnell O, Nilsson B, Obrant K, Sernbo I. Age and sex of hip fracture — changes in 30 years. Acta Orthop Scand 1984; 55:290–92.
Sernbo I, Johnell O. Background factors in patients with hip fractures — differences between cervical and trochanteric fractures. Comp Gerontol 1987; A1: 109–11.
Sernbo I, Johnell O. Changes in bone mass and fracture type in patients with hip fracture. A comparison between the 1950s and the 1980s in Malmo, Sweden. Clin Orthop 1989; 238:139–47.
Lips P, van Ginkel FC, Netelenbos JC. Changes in bone turnover after hip fracture. Bone 1985; 6:401–2 (abstract).
Johnston CC, Norton J, Khairy MR et al. Heterogeneity of fracture syndromes in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61:551–6.
Hordon LD, Peacock M. Osteomalacia and osteoporosis in femoral neck fracture. Bone Miner 1990; 11:147–59.
Lips P, Bouillon R, Jongen MJM, van Ginkel FC, van der Vijgh WJF, Netelenbos JC. The effect of trauma on serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in patients with hip fracture. Bone 1985; 6:63–67.
Cooper C, McLaren M, Wood PJ, Coulton L, Kanis JA. Indices of calcium metabolism in women with hip fractures. Bone Miner 1989; 5:193–200.
Mosekilde Li, Mosekilde Le, Daniellsen CC. Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals. Bone 1987; 8:79–85.
Wakamatsu E, Sissons HA. The cancellous bone of the iliac crest. Calcif Tissue Res 1969;4:147–61.
Singh M, Nagrath AR, Maini PS. Changes in trabecular pattern of the upper end of the femur as an index of osteoporosis. J Bone Jt Surg [Am] 1970; 52:457–67.
Dequeker J, Gautama K, Roh YS. Femoral trabecular pattern in asymptomatic spinal osteoporosis and femoral neck fracture. Oin Radiol 1974; 25:243–6.
Pogrund H, Rigal WM, Makin M, Robin G. Menczel J,Steinberg R. Determination of osteoporosis in patients with fractured femur using the Singh index. Clin Orthop 1981; 156:189–95.
Parfitt AM, Mathews CHE, Villanueva AR, Kleerekoper M, Frame B. Rao DS. Relationships bctween surface, volumc, and thickness of iliac trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis. J Clin Invest 1983; 72:1396–409.
Compston JE, Mellish RWE, Garrahan NJ. Age-related changes in iliac crest trabecular microanatomic bone structure in man. Bone 1987; 8:289–92.
Frost HM. Mechanical usage. bone mass, bone fragility: a brief overview. In: Kleerekoper M, Krane S. eds. Clinical disorders of bone and mineral metabolism. New York: Mary Ann Liebert 1989:15–40.
Parfitt AM. Morphological basis of bone mineral measurements: transient and steady state effects of treatment in osteoporosis. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1980; 4:273–87.
Obrant KJ. Trabecular bone changes in the greater trochanter after fracture of the femoral neck. Acta Orthop Scand 1984; 55:78–82.
Obrant KJ, Nilsson BE. Histomorphological changes in the tibial epiphysis after diaphyseal fracture. Clin Orthop 1984; 185:270–5.
Aaron JE, Gallagher JC, Anderson J et al. Frequency of osteomalacia and osteoporosis in fractures of the proximal femur. Lancet 1974; i:229–33.
Jenkins DHR, Roberts JG, Webster D, Williams EO. Osteomalacia in elderly patients with fracture of the femoral neck. J Bone Jt Surg [Br] 1973; 55:585–80.
Faccini JM, Exton-Smith AN, Boyde A. Disorders of bone and fracture of the femoral neck. Lancet 1976; i:1089–92.
Hodkinson HM. Fracture of the femoral neck in the elderly: Assessment of the role of osteomalacia. Gerontol Clin 1971; 13:153–8.
Wootton R, Brereton PJ, Clark MB et al. Fractured neck of femur in the elderly: an attempt to identify patients at risk. Clin Sci 1979; 57:93–101
Parfitt AM, Mathews C, Rao D, Frame B, Kleerekoper M, Villanueva AR. Impaired osteoblast function in metabolic bone disease. In: DeLuca HF et al., eds. Osteoporosis, recent advances in pathogenesis and treatment. Baltimore: University Park Press 1981:321–30.
Sokoloff L. Occult osteomalacia in American (USA) patients with fracture of the hip. Am J Surg Pathol 1978; 2:21–30.
Hoikka V, Aihava EM, Savolaimen K, Parviamen M. Osteomalacia in fractures ofthe proximalfemur. ActaOrthop Scand 1982; 53:255–60.
Wicks M, Garrett R, Vernon-Roberts B, Fazzalari N. Absence of metabolic bone disease in the proximal femur in patients with fracture ofthe femoral neck. J Bone J Surg [Br] 1982: 64:319–22.
Wilton TJ, Hosking DJ, Pawley F, Stevens A, Harvey I. Osteomalacia and femoral neck fractures in the elderly. J Bone J Surg [Br] 1987; 69:388–90.
Lips P, Hesp R, Reeve J, Wootton R, Green JR, Kienerman L. High indices of remodelling in iliac trabecular bone predict reduced forearm cortical bone mass indices in patients with proximal femoral fractures. Bone Miner 1990; 11:93–100.
Parfitt AM, Gallagher JC, Heaney RP, Johnston CC, Neer R, Whedon GD. Vitamin D and bone health in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36:1014–31.
Corless D, Beer M, Boucher BJ, Gupta SP, Cohen RD. Vitamin D status in long-stay geriatric patients. Lancet 1975; i: 140–46.
MeKenna MJ, Freany R, Meade A, Muldowney FP. Hypovitaminosis D and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase in elderly Irish people. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41:101–9.
Lips P. van Ginkel FC, Jongen MJM, Rubertus A, van der Vijgh WJF, Netelenbos IC. Determinants of vitamin D status in patients with hip fracture and elderly control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:1005–10.
MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D. J Clin Invest 1985; 76:1536–8.
Brown IRF, Bakowska A, Millard PH. Vitamin D status of patients with femoral neck fractures. Age Aging 1976; 5:127–31.
Baker MR. McDonnell H, Peacock M, Nordin BEC. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in patients with fractures of the femoral neck. Br Med J 1979; i:589,
Von Knorring J. Slätis P, Weber TH, Helenius T. Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in patients with femoral neck fracture in Southern Finland. Clin Endocrinol 1982; 17:189–94.
Tsai KS, Health H, Kumar R, Riggs BL. Impaired vitamin D metabolism with aging in women: possible role in pathogenesis of senile osteoporosis. J Clin Invest 1984; 73:1668–72.
Lips P, Hackeng WI-IL, Jongen MJM, van Ginkel FC, Netelenbos JC. Seasonal variation in serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone in elderly people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57:204–206.
Heaney RP. Calcium, bone health and osteoporosis. In: Peck W, ed. Bone and mineral research 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986:255–301.
Bouillon RA, Auwerx JH, Lissens WD, Pelemans WK. Vitamin D status in the elderly: seasonal substrate deficiency causes 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45:755–763.
Lips P, Wiersinga A, van Ginkel FC et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and parathyroid function in elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67:644–50.
Chapuy MC, Chapuy P. Meunier PJ. Calcium and vitamin D supplements: effects on calcium metabolism in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:324–8.
Himmelstein S, Clemens TL, Rubin A, Lindsay R. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly nursing home residents increase 25(OH)D but not 1,25(OH)2D. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:701–6.
Oxlund H, Mosekilde Li, Ørtoft G. Alterations in the stability of collagen from human trabecular bone with respect to age. In: Christiansen C, Johanson JS, Riis BJ. Osteoporosis 1987. Copenhagen: Osteopress 1987:313–16.
Kent GH, Dodds RA, Klenerman L, Watts RWE, Bitenski L, Chayer J. Changes in crystal size and orientation of acidic glycosaminoglycans at the fracture site in fractured necks of femur. J Bone J Surg [Br] 1983; 65:189–94.
Boivin G, Chavassieux P. Chapuy MC, Baud CA Meunier PJ. Skeletal fluorosis: histomorphmetric analysis of the bone changes and bone fluoride content in 29 patients. Bone 1989; 10:89–99.
Hedlund LR, Gallagher JC. Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride. J Bone Miner Res 1989; 4:223–5.
Gutteridge DH, Price RJ, Kent GN, Prince RL, Michell PA. Spontaneous hip fractures in fluoride-treated patients: potential causative factors. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5:5205–15.
Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O’Fallon WM et al. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:802–9.
Orceil Ph, de Vernejoul MC, Prier A, Miravet L, Kuntz D, Kaplan G. Stress fractures of the lower limbs in osteoporotic patients with fluoride. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5:5191–200.
Melton LJ. Fluoride in the prevention of osteoporosis and fractures. J. Bone Miner Res 1990; 5:5163–7.
Cooper A. A treatise on dislocations and fractures of the joints. London: John Churchill, 1824.
von Langenbeck B. Verhandl. d. Deutsch. Geselschr F Chir 1878; 7:92–3.
Whitman R. A new method of internal fixation for fractures of the neck of femur, together with remarks on coxa vara. Ann Sur 1902:36.
Smith-Petersen MN, Cave EF, Vangorder GW. Intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur; treatment by internal fixation. Arch Surg 1931; 23:715–59.
Johansson S. On operative treatment of medial fractures of the neck of femur. Acta Orthop Scand 1932; 3:362–92.
Thornton L. The treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur. Two new methods. Piedmont Hosp Bull 1937; 10:21–35.
Arlt N, Graner G, Hartung B. Zur Behandlung pertrochanterer Frakturen. Zbl Chir 1973; 98:58–63.
Laskin RS, Gruber MA, Zimmerman AJ. Intertrochanteric fractures of the hip in the elderly. Clin Orthop 1979; 141:188–95.
Kenzora JE, McCarthy RE, Lowell JD, Sledge CB. Hip fracture mortality. Clin Orthop 1984; 186:45–56.
Jensen IS, Trochanteric fractures. An epidemiological, clinical and biochemical study. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1981; 52:188.
Wade PA, Campbell RD, Kerrin RI. Management of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. Am I Surg 1959; 97:634–43.
Jensen JS. Classification of trochanteric features. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51:803–10.
Evans EM. The treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur. J Bone Jt Surg [Br] 1949; 31:190–203.
Pugh WL. A self-adjusting nail-plate for fractures about the hip joint. J Bone J Surg [Am] 1955; 37:1985–93.
Clawson KK. Trochanteric fractures treated by the sliding screw plate fixation method. J Trauma 1964; 4:737–52.
Heyse-Moore GH, Maceachern AG, Jameson Evans DC. Treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. J Bone J Surg [Br] 1983; 65:262–7.
Sernbo I, Johriell O, Gentz C-F, Nilsson J-A. Unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the hip. Treatment with Ender pins compared with a compression hip screw. J Bone J Surg [Am] 1988; 70:1297–303.
Jewett EL, Albee FH, Stanford FD. Treatment of all fractures of the upper end of the femur with the original one-piece flange nail. South Med J 1953; 46:920–924.
Ender J, Simon-Wiedner R. Die Fixierung der trochanteren Brüche mit runden elastischen Condylenägeln. Acta Chir Austriaca 1970; 2:40–2.
Chapman MW, Bowman WE, Csongradi JJ, Day LJ, Tafton PG, Bovill EG. The use of Ender’s pins in extracapsular fractures of the hip. J Bone J Surg [Am] 1981; 63:14–28.
Trafton PG, Day LJ, Cohen HA. A comparative study of compression hip screw and condylocephalic nail for intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. Orthop Trans 1984; 8:391.
Jensen JS. Mechanical strength of sliding screw-plate hip implants. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51:625–32.
Massie WK. Treatment of femoral neck fractures emphasizing long-term follow-up and observations on aseptic necrosis. Clin Orthop 1973; 92: 16–62.
Barnes R, Brown JT, Garden RS, Nicoll EA. Subcapital fractures of the femur. J Bone J Surg [Br] 1976; 58:2–24.
Bentley G. Treatment of nondisplaced fractures of the femoral neck. Clin Orthop 1980; 152:93–101.
Garden RS. Low-angle fixation in fractures of the femoral neck. J. Bone Jt Surg [Br] 1961; 43:647–63.
Strömqvist B. Femoral head vitality after intracapsular hip fracture. Acta Orthop Suppl 1983; 54:200.
Wingstrand H, Strömqvist B, Egund N, Gustafsson T, Nilsson LT, Thorngren K-G. Hemarthrosis in undisplaced cervical fractures. Tamponade may cause femoral head ischemia. Acta Orthop Scand 1986; 57:305–308.
Sernbo I. Hip fracture. Thesis, Lund University, Sweden, 1988.
Tronzo RG. Hip nails for all occasions. Orthop Clin North Am 1974; 5:478–91.
Hinchey JJ, Day PL. Primary prosthetic replacement in fresh femoral neck fractures. A review of 294 consecutive cases. J Bone JT Surg [Am] 1964; 46:223–40.
Hunter GA. Should we abandon primary prosthetic replacement for fresh displaced fractures of the neck of the femur? Clin Orthop 1980: 152–61.
Söreide O, Altho A, Rietti D. Internal fixation versus endoprosthesis in the treatment of femoral neck fractures in the elderly. A prospective analysis of the comparative costs and the consumtion of hospital resources. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51:827–31.
Johnsson R, Bendjelloul H, Ekelund L, Persson BM Lidgren L. Comparison between hemiarthroplasty and total hip replacement following failure of nailed femoral neck fractures focused on dislocations. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1984; 102:187–190.
Taine WH, Armour PC. Primary totaI hip replacement for displaced subcapital fractures of the femur. J Bone Jt Surg [Br] 1985; 67:214–17.
Greenough CG, Jones JR. Primary total hip replacement for displaced subcapital fractures of the femur. J Bone Jt Surg [Br] 1988; 70:639–43.
Bray TJ, Smith-Hoefer E, Hooper A, Timmerman L. The displaced femoral neck fracture. Internal fixation versus bipolar endoprosthesis. Results of a prospective, randomized comparsion. Clin Orphop 1988; 230:127–40.
Obrant KJ, Carlsson AS. Survival of hemiarthroplasties after cervical hip fractures. Orthopedics 1987; 10:1153–6.
Nilsson LT. Primary osteosynthesis for femoral neck fractures. Thesis, Lund University, Sweden, 1989.
Brümmer R. Prognosis in femoral neck fracture. A clinical, radiographic and radionuclide investigation. Thesis, Lund University, Sweden, 1983.
Miller CW. Survival and ambulation following hip fracture. J Bone Jt Surg [Am] 1978; 60:930–4.
Jenson JS Töndevold E. Mortality after hip fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 1979; 50:161–7.
Lewinnek GE, Kelsey J, White AA, Krieger NJ. The significance and a comparative analysis of the epidemiology of hip fractures. Clin Orthop 1980; 152:35–43.
Jenson JS. Mechanical strength of 1ewett and McLaughlin hip nail plates manufactured from cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; 51:145–56.
Ceder L, Svensson K, Thorngren K-G. Statistical prediction of rehabilitation in elderly hip fracture patients. In: Ceder L. Hip fracture in the elderly. Prognosis and rehabilitation. Thesis, Lund University, Sweden 1980: 105–117.
Delmi M, Rapin CH, Bengoa JM. Delmas PD, Vasey H, Bonjour JP. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of femur. Lancet 1990; 335:1013–16.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lips, P., Obrant, K.J. The pathogenesis and treatment of hip fractures. Osteoporosis Int 1, 218–231 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03187466
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03187466