Abstract
Optical metallography, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction from bulk extracted residues were used to investigate the microstructural stability in the temperature range 450°C to 950°C of a titanium-modified type 316 stainless steel and to compare this steel to a type 321 heat. The effect of cold deformation prior to aging was also investigated. Compared to standard type 316 stainless steel, the nucleation of M23C6 was delayed and its growth retarded in the titanium modified alloy due to early formation of TiC and Ti4C2S2 which reduced the carbon content in the matrix. Precipitation of the intermetallic σ and χ phases was faster in the titanium modified alloy. The type 321 material formed both M23C6 and the intermetallic phases less rapidly than either standard or titanium-modified type 316 steels. The relative tendencies toward intermetallic compound formation in various austentic stainless steels are discussed in terms of an “effective equivalent Cr content” remaining in the austenitic matrix after carbide precipitation. Cold work accelerated the precipitation rate of M23C6 and σ, but it suppressed χ formation due to preferential early σ formation. Early sigma formation was often associated with recrystallization of the cold worked matrix. Mechanisms accounting for this behavior are discussed.
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Arnold S. Grot was formerly a Graduate Assistant.
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Grot, A.S., Spruiell, J.E. Microstructural stability of titanium-modified type 316 and type 321 stainless steel. Metall Trans A 6, 2023–2030 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161827
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161827