Abstract
Purpose
The present study tested the hypothesis that the anesthetic technique will influence the changes in regional blood flow (RBF) during intraoperative cardiac tamponade.
Methods
Twenty-four dogs were divided into three equal groups: Group 1, anesthesia was maintained with ketamine (25 mg· kg−1 · hr−1); Group II, with fentanyl and midazolam (F-M; 10 μg · kg−1 · hr−1 and 0.5 mg· kg−1 · hr−1, respectively); Group III with I minimum alveolar concentration (MAC; 1.4%) isoflurane. Radioactive microspheres were used to measure RBF in myocardium, brain, spinal cord, abdominal viscera, skeletal muscle and skin. Cardiac output (CO) was measured by thermodilution and arterial pressure with a catheter situated in the thoracic aorta. Catheters were introduced into the pericardial cavity to infuse isotonic saline and to measure intrapericardial pressure (IPP). Measurements were obtained under control conditions and during tamponade, as defined by an increase in IPP sufficient to reduce mean arterial pressure by 40%.
Results
Tamponade caused decreases in CO and RBF that were comparable under the three anesthetics, except that RBF in sub-cortical regions of the brain and in the spinal cord were maintained under isoflurane but decreased under ketamine or F-M.
Conclusions
In dogs, intraoperative cardiac tamponade caused comparable changes in RBF under the different anesthetic techniques except that autoregulation was effective in maintaining RBF within the central nervous system only under isoflurane anesthesia. Our findings provide no compelling reason to recommend one anesthetic over the others for maintenance of anesthesia in situations with increased risk for intraoperative cardiac tamponade. However, they cannot be extrapolated to anesthesia induction in the presence of cardiac tamponade.
Résumé
Objectif
Tester l’hypothèse voulant que la technique anesthésique agisse sur les changements de débit sanguin régional (DSR) pendant une tamponnade péricardique peropératoire.
Méthode
Vingt-quatre chiens ont été répartis en trois groupes égaux : Groupe I, anesthésie maintenue avec kétamine (25 mg· kg−1 · h−1) ; Groupe II, avec fentanyl et midazolam (F-M; 10 μg · kg−1 · h−1 et 0,5 mg · kg−1 · h−1, respectivement); Groupe III avec une concentration alvéolaire minimale de 1 (CAM; 1,4 %) d’isoflurane. Des microsphères radioactives ont servi à mesurer le DSR dans le myocarde, le cerveau, la moelle épinière, les viscères abdominales, les muscles squelettiques et la peau. Le débit cardiaque (DC) a été mesuré par thermodilution et la tension artérielle avec un cathéter placé dans l’aorte thoracique. Les cathéters ont été introduits dans la cavité péricardique pour perfuser une solution saline isotonique et mesurer la pression intrapéricardique (PIP). Les mesures ont été faites dans des conditions témoins et pendant la tamponnade, tel que définie par une hausse de la PIP suffisante pour réduire la tension artérielle moyenne de 40 %.
Résultats
La tamponnade a causé des baisses du DC et du DSR qui étaient comparables avec les trois anesthésiques, sauf que le DSR des régions souscorticales du cerveau et de la moelle épinière a été maintenu avec l’isoflurane, mais a diminué avec la kétamine ou le mélange F-M.
Conclusion
Chez des chiens, la tamponnade péricardique peropératoire a causé des changements comparables du DSR avec différents anesthésiques, mais l’autorégulation a été efficace en maintenant le DSR à l’intérieur du système nerveux central avec l’isoflurane seulement. Nos résultats ne permettent pas de recommander impérativement un anesthésique en particulier pour maintenir l’anesthésie dans des situations de risque accru de tamponnade péricardique peropératoire. Cependant, ils ne peuvent être extrapolés à l’induction de l’anesthésie en présence d’une tamponnade péricardique.
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This investigation was funded by the Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Crystal, G.J., Metwally, A.A. & Salem, M.R. Isoflurane preserves central nervous system blood flow during intraoperative cardiac tamponade in dogs. Can J Anesth 51, 1011–1017 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018490
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018490