Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) and sevoflurane (MACSEVO) and evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes induced by varying fractions of inspired oxygen (FiO2) in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Twenty adult penguins (3.53 ± 0.44 kg) of undetermined sex were used. Both MACISO (n = 9) and MACSEVO (n = 13) were established using an up-and-down design. Next, twelve mechanically ventilated penguins were maintained at 1 MACISO or 1 MACSEVO (n = 6 per group) with the FiO2 initially set at 1.0. Three FiO2 values (0.6, 0.4 and 0.2) were then held constant during anesthesia for 20 minutes each. Arterial blood samples were collected for gas analysis after the 20-minute period for each FiO2. Mean ± SD MACISO was 1.93 ± 0.10% and MACSEVO was 3.53 ± 0.13%. Other than heart rate at 0.6 FiO2 (86 ± 11 beats/minute in MACISO and 132 ± 37 beats/minute in MACSEVO; p = 0.041), no significant cardiorespiratory differences were detected between groups. In both groups, decreasing the FiO2 produced increased pH values and reduced partial pressures of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) gradually lowered from 1.0 FiO2 through 0.2 FiO2, though hypoxemia (PaO2 < 80 mmHg) occurred only with the latter FiO2. The MACISO and the MACSEVO for the Magellanic penguin fell within the upper range of reported avian MAC estimates. To prevent hypoxemia in healthy, mechanically ventilated, either isoflurane- or sevoflurane-anesthetized Magellanic penguins, a minimum FiO2 of 0.4 should be used.
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This study was funded by grant no. 13/19796-0, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Fieldwork was performed by ANES, GHPD, GSMA and ABC. Data analyses were performed by ANES, AAJ, TFB and ABC. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AAJ and ABC and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. ABC reviewed the versions of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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The current study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Animal Experimentation of the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (protocol No. 14.1.87.74.8), and by the Brazilian Biodiversity Information and Authorization System (SISBIO No. 41254–1).
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da Silva, A.N.E., Dutra, G.H.P., Justo, A.A. et al. Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane and cardiorespiratory effects of varying inspired oxygen fractions in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Vet Res Commun (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-024-10336-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-024-10336-w