Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sarcopenia: Its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives

  • Published:
The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging

Abstract

Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle protein mass and loss of muscle function. It occurs with increasing age, being a major component in the development of frailty. Current knowledge on its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives are reported in the present review. On-going and future clinical trials on sarcopenia may radically change our preventive and therapeutic approaches of mobility disability in older people.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Landi, F., et al., Body mass index and mortality among older people living in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1999.47(9): p. 1072–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rosenberg, Summary comments. Am J Clin Nutr, 1989(50): p. 1231–3.

  3. Schwartz, R.S., Sarcopenia and physical performance in old age: introduction. Muscle Nerve Suppl, 1997.5: p. S10–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hughes, V.A., et al., Longitudinal changes in body composition in older men and women: role of body weight change and physical activity. Am J Clin Nutr, 2002. 76(2): p. 473–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Vandervoort, A.A., Aging of the human neuromuscular system. Muscle Nerve, 2002. 25(1): p. 17–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Roubenoff, R. and V.A. Hughes, Sarcopenia: current concepts. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2000.55(12): p. M716–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Morley, J.E., et al., Sarcopenia. J Lab Clin Med, 2001.137(4): p. 231–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Evans, W., Functional and metabolic consequences of sarcopenia. J Nutr, 1997. 127(5 Suppl): p. 998S-1003S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gallagher, D., et al., Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol, 1997. 83(1): p. 229–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Baumgartner, R.N., et al., Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol, 1998.147(8): p. 755–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Baumgartner, R., In vivo body composition studies. Ann NY Acad Sci ed. Body composition in healthy aging, ed. W.J. Yasumura S, Pierson RN Jr. Vol. 904. 2000. 437–448.

  12. Rolland, Y., et al., Sarcopenia, calf circumference, and physical function of elderly women: a cross-sectional study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2003.51(8): p. 1120–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Janssen, I., et al., Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. Am J Epidemiol, 2004.159(4): p. 413–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Melton, L.J., 3rd, et al., Epidemiology of sarcopenia. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2000.48(6): p. 625–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kallman, D.A., C.C. Plato, and J.D. Tobin, The role of muscle loss in the age-related decline of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. J Gerontol, 1990. 45(3): p. M82–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Janssen, I., et al., The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2004. 52(1): p. 80–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Thomas, D.R., Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: Examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin Nutr, 2007.26(4): p. 389–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Morley, J.E., Weight loss in the nursing home. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2007. 8(4): p. 201–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Morley, J.E., D.R. Thomas, and M.M. Wilson, Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006. 83(4): p. 735–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Friedman, P.J., A.J. Campbell, and T.H. Caradoc-Davies, Prospective trial of a new diagnostic criterion for severe wasting malnutrition in the elderly. Age Ageing, 1985. 14(3): p. 149–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Girasole, G., et al., Oestrogens prevent the increase of human serum soluble interleukin-6 receptor induced by ovariectomy in vivo and decrease its release in human osteoblastic cells in vitro. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1999.51(6): p. 801–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Waters, D.L., et al., Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and lean body mass in healthy exercising elderly. Mech Ageing Dev, 2003.124(3): p. 301–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. van Kan, G.A., et al., Frailty: toward a clinical definition. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2008. 9(2): p. 71–2.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Abellan Van Kan, A., et al., The I.A.N.A Task Force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice. J Nutr Health Aging, 2008.12(1): p. 29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chumlea, W.C., et al., Techniques of assessing muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) for epidemiological studies of the elderly. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1995.50 Spec No: p. 45–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Chumlea, W.C., A.F. Roche, and P. Webb, Body size, subcutaneous fatness and total body fat in older adults. Int J Obes, 1984. 8(4): p. 311–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chumlea, W.C. and R.N. Baumgartner, Status of anthropometry and body composition data in elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr, 1989.50(5 Suppl): p. 1158–66; discussion 1231–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Baumgartner RN, W.D., Sarcopenia and sarcopenic-obesity. Pathy MSJ ed. Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine. Vol. 2. 2006, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 909–933.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Heymsfield, S.B., et al., Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dualphoton absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr, 1990.52(2): p. 214–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chen, Z., et al., Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a valid tool for assessing skeletal muscle mass in older women. J Nutr, 2007.137(12): p. 2775–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kim, J., et al., Intermuscular adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle mass: estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in adults. J Appl Physiol, 2004.97(2): p. 655–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Newman, A.B., et al., Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2003.51(11): p. 1602–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Janssen, I., S.B. Heymsfield, and R. Ross, Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2002.50(5): p. 889–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Delmonico, M.J., et al., Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2007.55(5): p. 769–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Song, M.Y., et al., Sarcopenia and increased adipose tissue infiltration of muscle in elderly African American women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004.79(5): p. 874–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Visser, M., et al., Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2005. 60(3): p. 324–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Chumlea, W.C. and A.F. Roche, Ultrasonic and skinfold caliper measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness in elderly men and women. Am J Phys Anthropol, 1986.71(3): p. 351–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Reeves, N.D., C.N. Maganaris, and M.V. Narici, Ultrasonographic assessment of human skeletal muscle size. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2004.91(1): p. 116–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Chumlea, W.C., R.N. Baumgartner, and A.F. Roche, Specific resistivity used to estimate fat-free mass from segmental body measures of bioelectric impedance. Am J Clin Nutr, 1988.48(1): p. 7–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chumlea, W.C., et al., Bioelectric and anthropometric assessments and reference data in the elderly. J Nutr, 1993.123(2 Suppl): p. 449–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Baumgartner, R.N., W.C. Chumlea, and A.F. Roche, Estimation of body composition from bioelectric impedance of body segments. Am J Clin Nutr, 1989.50(2): p. 221–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Janssen, I., et al., Estimation of skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis. J Appl Physiol, 2000. 89(2): p. 465–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Narici, M. and P. Cerretelli, Changes in human muscle architecture in disuse-atrophy evaluated by ultrasound imaging. J Gravit Physiol, 1998.5(1): p. P73–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Martin, A.D., et al., Anthropometric estimation of muscle mass in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1990. 22(5): p. 729–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Heymsfield, S.B., et al., Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area. Am J Clin Nutr, 1982. 36(4): p. 680–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Baumgartner, R.N., et al., Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res, 2004.12(12): p. 1995–2004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Heymsfield, S.B., et al., A radiographie method of quantifying protein-calorie undernutrition. Am J Clin Nutr, 1979. 32(3): p. 693–702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Rantanen, T., et al., Handgrip strength and cause-specific and total mortality in older disabled women: exploring the mechanism. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2003. 51(5): p. 636–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Overend, T.J., et al., Knee extensor and knee flexor strength: cross-sectional area ratios in young and elderly men. J Gerontol, 1992.47(6): p. M204–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Visser, M., et al., Reexamining the sarcopenia hypothesis. Muscle mass versus muscle strength. Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study Research Group. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2000.904: p. 456–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bassey, E.J., et al., Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women. Clin Sci (Lond), 1992. 82(3): p. 321–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Lauretani, F., et al., Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol, 2003. 95(5): p. 1851–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Callahan, D., et al., Assessment of lower extremity muscle power in functionallylimited elders. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2007.19(3): p. 194–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cunningham, D.A., et al., Ageing and isokinetic plantar flexion. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1987.56(1): p. 24–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Larsson, L., G. Grimby, and J. Karlsson, Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. J Appl Physiol, 1979.46(3): p. 451–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Poulin, M.J., et al., Eccentric and concentric torques of knee and elbow extension in young and older men. Can J Sport Sci, 1992.17(1): p. 3–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Vandervoort, A.A., J.F. Kramer, and E.R. Wharram, Eccentric knee strength of elderly females. J Gerontol, 1990.45(4): p. B125–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Roubenoff, R., Sarcopenia: effects on body composition and function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2003. 58(11): p. 1012–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rolland, Y.M., et al., Loss of appendicular muscle mass and loss of muscle strength in young postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2007. 62(3): p. 330–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Baumgartner, R.N., et al., Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women. Mech Ageing Dev, 1999. 107(2): p. 123–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Malbut, K.E., S. Dinan, and A. Young, Aerobic training in the ‘oldest old’: the effect of 24 weeks of training. Age Ageing, 2002. 31(4): p. 255–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Zachwieja, J.J. and K.E. Yarasheski, Does growth hormone therapy in conjunction with resistance exercise increase muscle force production and muscle mass in men and women aged 60 years or older? Phys Ther, 1999.79(1): p. 76–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Morley, J.E. and R.N. Baumgartner, Cytokine-related aging process. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2004. 59(9): p. M924–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Goodpaster, B.H., et al., Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: The Health ABC Study. J Appl Physiol, 2001.90(6): p. 2157–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kortebein, P., et al., Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. Jama, 2007.297(16): p. 1772–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lee, J.S., et al., Associated Factors and Health Impact of Sarcopenia in Older Chinese Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Gerontology, 2007. 53(6): p. 166–172.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Sheffield-Moore, M., et al., Postexercise protein metabolism in older and younger men following moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2004.287(3): p. E513–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Coggan, A.R., et al., Skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training in 60- to 70-yr-old men and women. J Appl Physiol, 1992.72(5): p. 1780–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Charifi, N., et al., Effects of endurance training on satellite cell frequency in skeletal muscle of old men. Muscle Nerve, 2003.28(1): p. 87–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Yarasheski, K.E., J.J. Zachwieja, and D.M. Bier, Acute effects of resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate in young and elderly men and women. Am J Physiol, 1993. 265(2 Pt 1): p. E210–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hasten, D.L., et al., Resistance exercise acutely increases MHC and mixed muscle protein synthesis rates in 78–84 and 23–32 yr olds. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2000. 278(4): p. E620–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Jozsi, A.C., et al., Changes in power with resistance training in older and younger men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1999.54(11): p. M591–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Welle, S., C. Thornton, and M. Statt, Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old human subjects after three months of resistance training. Am J Physiol, 1995. 268(3 Pt 1): p. E422–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Fiatarone, M.A., et al., Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med, 1994.330(25): p. 1769–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Yarasheski, K.E., et al., Resistance exercise training increases mixed muscle protein synthesis rate in frail women and men >/=76 yr old. Am J Physiol, 1999.277(1 Pt 1): p. El 18–25.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Ivey, F.M., et al., Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2000. 55(11):p. M641–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cress, M.E., et al., Exercise: effects on physical functional performance in independent older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1999.54(5): p. M242–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hikida, R.S., et al., Effects of high-intensity resistance training on untrained older men. II. Muscle fiber characteristics and nucleo-cytoplasmic relationships. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2000. 55(7): p. B347–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hagerman, F.C., et al., Effects of high-intensity resistance training on untrained older men. I. Strength, cardiovascular, and metabolic responses. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2000.55(7): p. B336–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hameed, M., S.D. Harridge, and G. Goldspink, Sarcopenia and hypertrophy: a role for insulin-like growth factor-1 in aged muscle? Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2002. 30(1): p. 15–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Trappe, S., Master athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2001. 11 Suppl: p. S196–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Raguso, CA., et al., A 3-year longitudinal study on body composition changes in the elderly: role of physical exercise. Clin Nutr, 2006.25(4): p. 573–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Edstrom, E., et al., Factors contributing to neuromuscular impairment and sarcopenia during aging. Physiol Behav, 2007. 92(1-2): p. 129–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lauretani, F., et al., Axonal degeneration affects muscle density in older men and women. Neurobiol Aging, 2006.27(8): p. 1145–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Belanger, A.Y. and A.J. McComas, Extent of motor unit activation during effort. J Appl Physiol, 1981.51(5): p. 1131–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Andersen, J.L., G. Terzis, and A. Kryger, Increase in the degree of coexpression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle fibers of the very old. Muscle Nerve, 1999. 22(4): p. 449–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Essen-Gustavsson, B. and O. Borges, Histochemical and metabolic characteristics of human skeletal muscle in relation to age. Acta Physiol Scand, 1986. 126(1): p. 107–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Oertel, G., Changes in human skeletal muscles due to ageing. Histological and histochemical observations on autopsy material. Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 1986. 69(3-4): p. 309–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Lexell, J., Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1995.50 Spec No: p. 11–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. McComas, A.J., 1998 ISEK Congress Keynote Lecture: Motor units: how many, how large, what kind? International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 1998. 8(6): p. 391–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Doherty, T.J., Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol, 2003. 95(4): p. 1717–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Doherty, T.J., et al., Effects of motor unit losses on strength in older men and women. J Appl Physiol, 1993. 74(2): p. 868–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Larsson, L., B. Sjodin, and J. Karlsson, Histochemical and biochemical changes in human skeletal muscle with age in sedentary males, age 22–65 years. Acta Physiol Scand, 1978. 103(1): p. 31–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lee, C.E., A. McArdle, and R.D. Griffiths, The role of hormones, cytokines and heat shock proteins during age-related muscle loss. Clin Nutr, 2007.

  95. Porter, M.M., A.A. Vandervoort, and J. Lexell, Aging of human muscle: structure, function and adaptability. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 1995.5(3): p. 129–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Fargnoli, J., et al., Decreased expression of heat shock protein 70 mRNA and protein after heat treatment in cells of aged rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1990. 87(2): p. 846–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Edstrom, E., et al., Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 are downregulated in aging-related loss of skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2006.61(7): p. 663–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Volpi, E., et al., The response of muscle protein anabolism to combined hyperaminoacidemia and glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia is impaired in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2000. 85(12): p. 4481–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Boirie, Y., et al., Differential insulin sensitivities of glucose, amino acid, and albumin metabolism in elderly men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001. 86(2): p. 638–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Goulet, E.D., et al., No difference in insulin sensitivity between healthy postmenopausal women with or without sarcopenia: a pilot study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2007. 32(3): p. 426–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Boirie, Y., et al., Tissue-specific regulation of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein synthesis rates by insulin. Diabetes, 2001.50(12): p. 2652–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Guillet, C. and Y. Boirie, Insulin resistance: a contributing factor to age-related muscle mass loss? Diabetes Metab, 2005.31 Spec No 2: p. 5S20–5S26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Guillet, C., et al., Impaired anabolic response of muscle protein synthesis is associated with S6K1 dysregulation in elderly humans. Faseb J, 2004. 18(13): p. 1586–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Roubenoff, R., Catabolism of aging: is it an inflammatory process? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2003.6(3): p. 295–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Rasmussen, B.B. and S.M Phillips, Contractile and nutritional regulation of human muscle growth. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2003. 31(3): p. 127–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Dionne, I.J., K.A. Kinaman, and E.T. Poehlman, Sarcopenia and muscle function during menopause and hormone-replacement therapy. J Nutr Health Aging, 2000. 4(3): p. 156–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Phillips, S.K., et al., The weakness of old age is not due to failure of muscle activation. J Gerontol, 1992.47(2): p. M45–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kramer, P.R., S.F. Kramer, and G. Guan, 17 beta-estradiol regulates cytokine release through modulation of CD16 expression in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Arthritis Rheum, 2004.50(6): p. 1967–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Jacobsen, D.E., et al., Postmenopausal HRT and tibolone in relation to muscle strength and body composition. Maturitas, 2007.58(1): p. 7–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Taaffe, D.R., et al., Estrogen replacement, muscle composition, and physical function: The Health ABC Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2005. 37(10): p. 1741–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Gower, B.A. and L. Nyman, Associations among oral estrogen use, free testosterone concentration, and lean body mass among postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2000. 85(12): p. 4476–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Volpi, E., R. Nazemi, and S. Fujita, Muscle tissue changes with aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2004.7(4): p. 405–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Brown, M., S.J. Birge, and W.M. Kohrt, Hormone replacement therapy does not augment gains in muscle strength or fat-free mass in response to weight-bearing exercise. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1997.52(3): p. B166–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Morley, J.E., Growth hormone: fountain of youth or death hormone? J Am Geriatr Soc, 1999.47(12): p. 1475–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Musaro, A., et al., IGF-1 induces skeletal myocyte hypertrophy through calcineurin in association with GATA-2 and NF-ATc1. Nature, 1999. 400(6744): p. 581–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Chen, Y., J.D. Zajac, and H.E. MacLean, Androgen regulation of satellite cell function. J Endocrinol, 2005. 186(1): p. 21–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Blackman, M.R., et al., Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 2002. 288(18): p. 2282–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Lange, K.H., et al., GH administration and discontinuation in healthy elderly men: effects on body composition, GH-related serum markers, resting heart rate and resting oxygen uptake. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2001. 55(1): p. 77–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Papadakis, M.A., et al., Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability. Ann Intern Med, 1996. 124(8): p. 708–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Thompson, J.L., et al., The effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone on body composition in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1995. 80(6): p. 1845–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Rudman, D., et al., Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med, 1990. 323(1): p. 1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Yarasheski, K.E., et al., Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men. Am J Physiol, 1995.268(2 Pt 1): p. E268–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Clavel, S., et al., Atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are up-regulated in aged rat Tibialis Anterior muscle. Mech Ageing Dev, 2006. 127(10): p. 794–801.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Morley, J.E., et al., Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism, 1997. 46(4): p. 410–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Morley, J.E., et al., Potentially predictive and manipulable blood serum correlates of aging in the healthy human male: progressive decreases in bioavailable testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and the ratio of insulin-like growth factor 1 to growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1997.94(14): p. 7537–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Galvao, D.A., et al., Exercise can prevent and even reverse adverse effects of androgen suppression treatment in men with prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2007.

  127. Tenover, J.S., Effects of testosterone supplementation in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992. 75(4): p. 1092–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Morley, J.E., et al., Effects of testosterone replacement therapy in old hypogonadal males: a preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1993.41(2): p. 149–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Katznelson, L., et al., Increase in bone density and lean body mass during testosterone administration in men with acquired hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996. 81(12): p. 4358–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Sih, R., et al., Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997. 82(6): p. 1661–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Ly, L.P., et al., A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel on muscular strength, mobility, and quality of life in older men with partial androgen deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001. 86(9): p. 4078–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Kenny, A.M., et al., Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2001. 56(5): p. M266–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Wittert, G.A., et al., Oral testosterone supplementation increases muscle and decreases fat mass in healthy elderly males with low-normal gonadal status. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2003.58(7): p. 618–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Emmelot-Vonk, M.H., et al., Effect of testosterone supplementation on functional mobility, cognition, and other parameters in older men: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 2008.299(1): p. 39–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Borst, S.E., Interventions for sarcopenia and muscle weakness in older people. Age Ageing, 2004. 33(6): p. 548–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Genazzani, A.D., C. Lanzoni, and A.R. Genazzani, Might DHEA be considered a beneficial replacement therapy in the elderly? Drugs Aging, 2007.24(3): p. 173–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Percheron, G., et al., Effect of 1-year oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone to 60-to 80-year-old individuals on muscle function and cross-sectional area: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med, 2003.163(6): p. 720–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Perry, H.M., 3rd, et al., Longitudinal changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older people. Metabolism, 1999.48(8): p. 1028–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Szulc, P., et al., Hormonal and lifestyle determinants of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in men: the MINOS study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004. 80(2): p. 496–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Volpi, E., et al., Exogenous amino acids stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in the elderly. J Clin Invest, 1998.101(9): p. 2000–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Volpi, E., et al., Oral amino acids stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly despite higher first-pass splanchnic extraction. Am J Physiol, 1999. 277(3 Pt 1): p. E513–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Boirie, Y., P. Gachon, and B. Beaufrere, Splanchnic and whole-body leucine kinetics in young and elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997.65(2): p. 489–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., et al., Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. Jama, 2004. 291(16): p. 1999–2006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Visser, M, DJ. Deeg, and P. Lips, Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003. 88(12): p. 5766–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Bischoff, H.A., et al., In situ detection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in human skeletal muscle tissue. Histochem J, 2001.33(1): p. 19–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Boland, R., Role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle function. Endocr Rev, 1986.7(4): p. 434–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Wassner, S.J., et al., Vitamin D Deficiency, hypocalcemia, and increased skeletal muscle degradation in rats. J Clin Invest, 1983.72(1): p. 102–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Jacques, P.F., et al., Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its determinants in an elderly population sample. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997.66(4): p. 929–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Stein, M.S., et al., Falls relate to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in an Australian nursing home and hostel. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1999.47(10): p. 1195–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Drinka, P.J., et al., Determinants of vitamin D levels in nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2007. 8(2): p. 76–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Hamid, Z., et al., Vitamin D deficiency in residents of academic long-term care facilities despite having been prescribed vitamin D. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2007. 8(2): p. 71–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Morley, J.E., Should all long-term care residents receive vitamin D? J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2007. 8(2): p. 69–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Roubenoff, R., et al., Monocyte cytokine production in an elderly population: effect of age and inflammation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1998.53(1): p. M20–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Schaap, L.A., et al., Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am J Med, 2006.119(6): p. 526 e9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Payette, H., et al., Insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin 6 predict sarcopenia in very old community-living men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2003.51(9): p. 1237–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Morey, M.C., et al., Evaluation of a supervised exercise program in a geriatric population. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1989.37(4): p. 348–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Visser, M., et al., Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2002. 57(5): p. M326–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Cesari, M., et al., Sarcopenia, obesity, and inflammation-results from the Trial of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005. 82(2): p. 428–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Ferrucci, L., et al., Serum IL-6 level and the development of disability in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1999.47(6): p. 639–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Mitch, W.E. and A.L. Goldberg, Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. N Engl J Med, 1996.335(25): p. 1897–905.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Vincent, K.R., et al., Resistance exercise and physical performance in adults aged 60 to 83. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2002.50(6): p. 1100–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Yudkin, J.S., et al., Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis, 2000.148(2): p. 209–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Ryan, A.S. and B.J. Nicklas, Reductions in plasma cytokine levels with weight loss improve insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care, 2004.27(7): p. 1699–705.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Visser, M., et al., Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2002.50(5): p. 897–904.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Sipila, S. and H. Suominen, Knee extension strength and walking speed in relation to quadriceps muscle composition and training in elderly women. Clin Physiol, 1994. 14(4): p. 433–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Corcoran, M.P., S. Lamon-Fava, and R.A. Fielding, Skeletal muscle lipid deposition and insulin resistance: effect of dietary fatty acids and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr, 2007. 85(3): p. 662–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Roubenoff, R., Sarcopenic obesity: does muscle loss cause fat gain? Lessons from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2000.904: p. 553–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Dirks, A.J., et al., Mitochondrial DNA mutations, energy metabolism and apoptosis in aging muscle. Ageing Res Rev, 2006.5(2): p. 179–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Stump, C.S., et al., Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003. 100(13): p. 7996–8001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Bua, E.A., et al., Mitochondrial abnormalities are more frequent in muscles undergoing sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol, 2002.92(6): p. 2617–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Kent-Braun, J.A., A.V. Ng, and K. Young, Skeletal muscle contractile and noncontractile components in young and older women and men. J Appl Physiol, 2000. 88(2): p. 662–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Jubrias, S.A., et al., Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training. J Appl Physiol, 2001.90(5): p. 1663–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Melov, S., et al., Resistance exercise reverses aging in human skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE, 2007.2(5): p. e465.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Dupont-Versteegden, E.E., Apoptosis in muscle atrophy: relevance to sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol, 2005.40(6): p. 473–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Giresi, P.G., et al., Identification of a molecular signature of sarcopenia. Physiol Genomics, 2005. 21(2): p. 253–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Solomon, A. and P. Bouloux, Endocrine therapies for sarcopenia in older men. Br J Hosp Med (Lond), 2006. 67(9): p. 477–81.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Marzetti, E. and C. Leeuwenburgh, Skeletal muscle apoptosis, sarcopenia and frailty at old age. Exp Gerontol, 2006.41(12): p. 1234–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Leeuwenburgh, C., Role of apoptosis in sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2003. 58(11): p. 999–1001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Reed, T., et al., Genetic influences and grip strength norms in the NHLBI twin study males aged 59–69. Ann Hum Biol, 1991.18(5): p. 425–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Arden, N.K. and T.D. Spector, Genetic influences on muscle strength, lean body mass, and bone mineral density: a twin study. J Bone Miner Res, 1997. 12(12): p. 2076–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Huygens, W., et al., Linkage of myostatin pathway genes with knee strength in humans. Physiol Genomics, 2004.17(3): p. 264–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Frederiksen, H., et al., Hand grip strength: a phenotype suitable for identifying genetic variants affecting mid-and late-life physical functioning. Genet Epidemiol, 2002. 23(2): p. 110–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Carmelli, D. and T. Reed, Stability and change in genetic and environmental influences on hand-grip strength in older male twins. J Appl Physiol, 2000. 89(5): p. 1879–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Christensen, K., et al., Genetic and environmental influences on functional abilities in Danish twins aged 75 years and older. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2000.55(8): p. M446–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Sayer, A.A., et al., Does sarcopenia originate in early life? Findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2004.59(9): p. M930–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Yliharsila, H., et al., Birth size, adult body composition and muscle strength in later life. Int J Obes (Lond), 2007. 31(9): p. 1392–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Huygens, W., et al., Quantitative trait loci for human muscle strength: linkage analysis of myostatin pathway genes. Physiol Genomics, 2005.22(3): p. 390–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Roth, S.M., et al., CNTF genotype is associated with muscular strength and quality in humans across the adult age span. J Appl Physiol, 2001.90(4): p. 1205–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Schrager, M.A., et al., Insulin-like growth factor-2 genotype, fat-free mass, and muscle performance across the adult life span. J Appl Physiol, 2004. 97(6): p. 2176–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Delmonico, M.J., et al., Alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism influences knee extensor peak power response to strength training in older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2007. 62(2): p. 206–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Pfeifer, M., B. Begerow, and H.W. Minne, Vitamin D and muscle function. Osteoporos Int, 2002. 13(3): p. 187–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Roth, S.M., et al., Vitamin D receptor genotype is associated with fat-free mass and sarcopenia in elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2004.59(1): p. 10–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Grundberg, E., et al., Genetic variation in the human vitamin D receptor is associated with muscle strength, fat mass and body weight in Swedish women. Eur J Endocrinol, 2004. 150(3): p. 323–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Geusens, P., et al., Quadriceps and grip strength are related to vitamin D receptor genotype in elderly nonobese women. J Bone Miner Res, 1997.12(12): p. 2082–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Fisher, A.L., Of worms and women: sarcopenia and its role in disability and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2004.52(7): p. 1185–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Herndon, L.A., et al., Stochastic and genetic factors influence tissue-specific decline in ageing C. elegans. Nature, 2002.419(6909): p. 808–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Kenyon, C., et al., A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. Nature, 1993. 366(6454): p. 461–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Chaput, J.P., et al., Relationship between antioxidant intakes and class I sarcopenia in elderly men and women. J Nutr Health Aging, 2007.11(4): p. 363–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Lord, C., et al., Dietary animal protein intake: association with muscle mass index in older women. J Nutr Health Aging, 2007.11(5): p. 383–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Campbell, W.W., et al., Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999.70(6): p. 1032–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Campbell, W.W., et al., Increased energy requirements and changes in body composition with resistance training in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 1994. 60(2): p. 167–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Campbell, W.W. and W.J. Evans, Protein requirements of elderly people. Eur J Clin Nutr, 1996. 50 Suppl 1: p. S180–3; discussion S183–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Campbell, W.W., et al., The recommended dietary allowance for protein may not be adequate for older people to maintain skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2001.56(6): p. M373–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Rooyackers, O.E., et al., Effect of age on in vivo rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996. 93(26): p. 15364–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Roberts, S.B., et al., Effects of age on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during experimental underfeeding in healthy men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 1996.51(2):p. B158–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Wilson, M.M. and J.E. Morley, Invited review: Aging and energy balance. J Appl Physiol, 2003. 95(4): p. 1728–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Bennet, W.M., et al., The effect of amino acid infusion on leg protein turnover assessed by L-[15N]phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]leucine exchange. Eur J Clin Invest, 1990. 20(1): p. 41–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Volpi, E., et al., Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 78(2): p. 250–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Campbell, W.W., et al., Effects of resistance training and dietary protein intake on protein metabolism in older adults. Am J Physiol, 1995.268(6 Pt 1): p. E1143–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Welle, S. and C.A. Thornton, High-protein meals do not enhance myofibrillar synthesis after resistance exercise in 62-to 75-yr-old men and women. Am J Physiol, 1998. 274(4Pt 1): p. E677–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Katsanos, C.S., et al., Aging is associated with diminished accretion of muscle proteins after the ingestion of a small bolus of essential amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005. 82(5): p. 1065–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Dardevet, D., et al., Stimulation of in vitro rat muscle protein synthesis by leucine decreases with age. J Nutr, 2000.130(11): p. 2630–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Rasmussen, B.B., et al., Insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism in aging. Faseb J, 2006. 20(6): p. 768–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Fujita, S., et al., Aerobic exercise overcomes the age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism by improving endothelial function and Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Diabetes, 2007.56(6): p. 1615–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Ferrucci, L., et al., Designing randomized, controlled trials aimed at preventing or delaying functional decline and disability in frail, older persons: a consensus report. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2004.52(4): p. 625–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Rantanen, T., Muscle strength, disability and mortality. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2003. 13(1): p. 3–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Rosenberg, I.H., Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr, 1997. 127(5 Suppl):p. 990S-991S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Fleg, J.L. and E.G. Lakatta, Role of muscle loss in the age-associated reduction in VO2 max. J Appl Physiol, 1988. 65(3): p. 1147–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Janssen, I., Influence of sarcopenia on the development of physical disability: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2006.54(1): p. 56–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Jensen, G.L., Obesity and functional decline: epidemiology and geriatric consequences. Clin Geriatr Med, 2005.21(4): p. 677–87, v.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Ensrud, K.E., et al., Correlates of impaired function in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1994.42(5): p. 481–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Sarkisian, C.A., et al., Modifiable risk factors predict functional decline among older women: a prospectively validated clinical prediction tool. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2000.48(2): p. 170–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Friedmann, J.M., T. Elasy, and G.L. Jensen, The relationship between body mass index and self-reported functional limitation among older adults: a gender difference. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2001.49(4): p. 398–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Visser, M., et al., High body fatness, but not low fat-free mass, predicts disability in older men and women: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 1998. 68(3): p. 584–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Zamboni, M., et al., The relationship between body composition and physical performance in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1999.47(12): p. 1403–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Davison, K.K., et al., Percentage of body fat and body mass index are associated with mobility limitations in people aged 70 and older from NHANES III. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2002.50(11): p. 1802–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Sternfeld, B., et al., Associations of body composition with physical performance and self-reported functional limitation in elderly men and women. Am J Epidemiol, 2002. 156(2): p. 110–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Zoico, E., et al., Physical disability and muscular strength in relation to obesity and different body composition indexes in a sample of healthy elderly women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2004.28(2): p. 234–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Villareal, D.T., et al., Physical frailty and body composition in obese elderly men and women. Obes Res, 2004.12(6): p. 913–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Rolland, Y., et al., Muscle strength in obese elderly women: effect of recreational physical activity in a cross-sectional study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004.79(4): p. 552–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Ford, E.S., A.H. Mokdad, and W.H. Giles, Trends in waist circumference among U.S. adults. Obes Res, 2003.11(10): p. 1223–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Lebrun, C.E., et al., Fat mass rather than muscle strength is the major determinant of physical function and disability in postmenopausal women younger than 75 years of age. Menopause, 2006.13(3): p. 474–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Janssen, I., P.T. Katzmarzyk, and R. Ross, Body mass index is inversely related to mortality in older people after adjustment for waist circumference. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2005. 53(12): p. 2112–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Bigaard, J., et al., Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women. Obes Res, 2003.11 (7): p. 895–903.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Kanaya, A.M., et al., Association of total and central obesity with mortality in postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol, 2003.158(12): p. 1161–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Griffiths, R.D., Muscle mass, survival, and the elderly ICU patient. Nutrition, 1996. 12(6): p. 456–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Cosqueric, G., et al., Sarcopenia is predictive of nosocomial infection in care of the elderly. Br J Nutr, 2006.96(5): p. 895–901.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Newman, A.B., et al., Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2006. 61(1): p. 72–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Newman, A.B., et al., Strength and muscle quality in a well-functioning cohort of older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2003. 51(3): p. 323–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Buchner, D.M., et al., Evidence for a non-linear relationship between leg strength and gait speed. Age Ageing, 1996.25(5): p. 386–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Rantanen, T., et al., Coimpairments as predictors of severe walking disability in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2001.49(1): p. 21–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Janssen, I., et al., Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr. J Appl Physiol, 2000. 89(1): p. 81–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Lynch, N.A., et al., Muscle quality. I. Age-associated differences between arm and leg muscle groups. J Appl Physiol, 1999.86(1): p. 188–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Singh, A.S., et al., Cross-sectional relationship between physical fitness components and functional performance in older persons living in long-term care facilities. BMC Geriatr, 2006.6: p. 4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Guralnik, J.M., et al., Progressive versus catastrophic loss of the ability to walk: implications for the prevention of mobility loss. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2001. 49(11): p. 1463–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Roth, S.M., R.F. Ferrell, and B.F. Hurley, Strength training for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging, 2000.4(3): p. 143–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Nelson, M.E., et al., Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2007.116(9): p. 1094–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Hakkinen, K., et al., Changes in agonist-antagonist EMG, muscle CSA, and force during strength training in middle-aged and older people. J Appl Physiol, 1998. 84(4): p. 1341–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Taaffe, D.R., et al., Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1999.47(10): p. 1208–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Fielding, R.A., et al., Activity adherence and physical function in older adults with functional limitations. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2007.39(11): p. 1997–2004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Strength training among adults aged >65 years — United States 2001., in MMWR. 2004, US department of health and human services. p. 25–28.

  252. Cardinale, M., et al., Whole-body vibration can reduce calciuria induced by high protein intakes and may counteract bone resorption: A preliminary study. J Sports Sci, 2007.25(1):p. 111–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Cardinale, M. and J. Rittweger, Vibration exercise makes your muscles and bones stronger: fact or fiction? J Br Menopause Soc, 2006.12(1): p. 12–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Bogaerts, A., et al., Impact of whole-body vibration training versus fitness training on muscle strength and muscle mass in older men: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2007.62(6): p. 630–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Morley, J.E., Anorexia and weight loss in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2003.58(2): p. 131–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Heiat, A., V. Vaccarino, and H.M. Krumholz, An evidence-based assessment of federal guidelines for overweight and obesity as they apply to elderly persons. Arch Intern Med, 2001. 161(9): p. 1194–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Elia, M., Obesity in the elderly. Obes Res, 2001.9 Suppl 4: p. 244S-248S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Morais, J.A., S. Chevalier, and R. Gougeon, Protein turnover and requirements in the healthy and frail elderly. J Nutr Health Aging, 2006.10(4): p. 272–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Houston, D.K., et al., Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008. 87(1): p. 150–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Fujita, S. and E. Volpi, Amino acids and muscle loss with aging. J Nutr, 2006. 136(1 Suppl): p. 277S-80S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Timmerman, K.L. and E. Volpi, Amino acid metabolism and regulatory effects in aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2008.11(1): p. 45–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Drummond, M.J., et al., Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging. J Appl Physiol, 2008.

  263. Hayes, A. and P.J. Cribb, Effect of whey protein isolate on strength, body composition and muscle hypertrophy during resistance training. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2008.11(1): p. 40–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Rieu, I., et al., Increased availability of leucine with leucine-rich whey proteins improves postprandial muscle protein synthesis in aging rats. Nutrition, 2007. 23(4: p. 323–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Kim, J.H., et al., Lifelong exercise and mild (8%) caloric restriction attenuate ageinduced alterations in plantaris muscle morphology, oxidative stress and IGF-1 in the Fischer-344 rat. Exp Gerontol, 2008.43(4): p. 317–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Dirks Naylor, A.J. and C. Leeuwenburgh, Sarcopenia: the role of apoptosis and modulation by caloric restriction. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2008. 36(1): p. 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Arnal, M.A., et al., Protein pulse feeding improves protein retention in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999.69(6): p. 1202–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Boirie, Y., et al., Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1997.94(26): p. 14930–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Dangin, M., et al., Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects. J Nutr, 2002.132(10): p. 3228S-33S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Wolfson, L., et al., Training balance and strength in the elderly to improve function. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1993.41(3): p. 341–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Sayer, A.A., et al., Falls, sarcopenia, and growth in early life: findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study. Am J Epidemiol, 2006.164(7): p. 665–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Szulc, P., et al., Increased bone resorption in moderate smokers with low body weight: the Minos study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002. 87(2): p. 666–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Bhasin, S., et al., The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med, 1996. 335(1): p. 1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Ottenbacher, K.J., et al., Androgen treatment and muscle strength in elderly men: A meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2006. 54(11): p. 1666–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Bhasin, S. and J.G. Buckwalter, Testosterone supplementation in older men: a rational idea whose time has not yet come. J Androl, 2001. 22(5): p. 718–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Borst S.E., et al., Anabolic effects of testosterone are preserved during inhibition of 5alpha-reductase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2007. 293(2): p. E507–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Parsons, J.K., et al., Serum testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer: potential implications for testosterone therapy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2005. 14(9): p. 2257–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Venken, K., et al., Bone and muscle protective potential of the prostate-sparing synthetic androgen 7alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone: evidence from the aged orchidectomized male rat model. Bone, 2005. 36(4): p. 663–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Li, J.J., et al., Discovery of Potent and Muscle Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators through Scaffold Modifications. J Med Chem, 2007. 50(13): p. 3015–3025.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Takala, J., et al., Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med, 1999. 341(11): p. 785–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Frost, R.A., G.J. Nystrom, and C.H. Lang, Regulation of IGF-I mRNA and signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 and -5 (Stat-3 and -5) by GH in C2C12 myoblasts. Endocrinology, 2002. 143(2): p. 492–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Leroith, D. and P. Nissley, Knock your SOCS off! J Clin Invest, 2005. 115(2): p. 233–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Leger, B., et al., Human sarcopenia reveals an increase in SOCS-3 and myostatin and a reduced efficiency of Akt phosphorylation. Rejuvenation Res, 2008. 11(1): p. 163–175B.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Barbieri, M., et al., Chronic inflammation and the effect of IGF-I on muscle strength and power in older persons. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2003. 284(3): p. E481–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Cappola, A.R., et al., Association of IGF-I levels with muscle strength and mobility in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001. 86(9): p. 4139–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Onder, G., et al., Body mass index, free insulin-like growth factor I, and physical function among older adults: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2006. 291(4): p. E829–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Thompson, J.L., et al., Effects of human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1998. 83(5): p. 1477–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Pollak, M., Insulin-like growth factor physiology and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer, 2000. 36(10): p. 1224–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Cobb, L.J., et al., Partitioning of IGFBP-5 actions in myogenesis: IGF-independent anti-apoptotic function. J Cell Sci, 2004.117(Pt 9): p. 1737–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Artaza, J.N., et al., Myostatin inhibits myogenesis and promotes adipogenesis in C3H 10T(1/2) mesenchymal multipotent cells. Endocrinology, 2005.146(8): p. 3547–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Schuelke, M., et al., Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med, 2004. 350(26): p. 2682–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Siriett, V., et al., Antagonism of myostatin enhances muscle regeneration during sarcopenia. Mol Ther, 2007.15(8): p. 1463–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Petersen, A.M., et al., Smoking impairs muscle protein synthesis and increases the expression of myostatin and MAFbx in muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2007. 293(3): p. E843–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Solomon, A.M. and P.M. Bouloux, Modifying muscle mass — the endocrine perspective. J Endocrinol, 2006.191(2): p. 349–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Nakatani, M., et al., Transgenic expression of a myostatin inhibitor derived from follistatin increases skeletal muscle mass and ameliorates dystrophic pathology in mdx mice. Faseb J, 2008. 22(2): p. 477–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Ohsawa, Y., et al., Muscular atrophy of caveolin-3-deficient mice is rescued by myostatin inhibition. J Clin Invest, 2006.116(11): p. 2924–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Haidet, A.M., et al., Long-term enhancement of skeletal muscle mass and strength by single gene administration of myostatin inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008. 105(11): p. 4318–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Lemoine, S., et al., Estrogen receptor alpha mRNA in human skeletal muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2003. 35(3): p. 439–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Wiik, A., et al., Oestrogen receptor beta is present in both muscle fibres and endothelial cells within human skeletal muscle tissue. Histochem Cell Biol, 2005. 124(2): p. 161–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., et al., Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Jama, 2005.293(18): p. 2257–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Janssen, H.C., M.M. Samson, and H.J. Verhaar, Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr, 2002.75(4): p. 611–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Candow, D.G. and P.D. Chilibeck, Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on muscle accretion in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging, 2007. 11(2): p. 185–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Brose, A., G. Parise, and M.A. Tarnopolsky, Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2003.58(1): p. 11–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Willoughby, D.S. and J.M. Rosene, Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myogenic regulatory factor expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2003.35(6): p. 923–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Bermon, S., et al., Effects of creatine monohydrate ingestion in sedentary and weighttrained older adults. Acta Physiol Scand, 1998. 164(2): p. 147–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Chrusch, M.J., et al., Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2001. 33(12): p. 2111–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Eijnde, B.O., et al., Effects of creatine supplementation and exercise training on fitness in men 55–75 yr old. J Appl Physiol, 2003. 95(2): p. 818–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Gotshalk, L.A., et al., Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2002. 34(3): p. 537–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Jakobi, J.M., et al., Neuromuscular properties and fatigue in older men following acute creatine supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2001. 84(4): p. 321–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Rawson, E.S., M.X. Wehnert, and P.M. Clarkson, Effects of 30 days of creatine ingestion in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1999. 80(2): p. 139–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Rawson, E.S. and P.M. Clarkson, Acute creatine supplementation in older men. Int J Sports Med, 2000. 21(1): p. 71–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Tarnopolsky, M.A. and A. Safdar, The potential benefits of creatine and conjugated linoleic acid as adjuncts to resistance training in older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2008. 33(1): p. 213–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Carter, C.S., et al., Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition intervention in elderly persons: effects on body composition and physical performance. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2005. 60(11): p. 1437–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Onder, G., et al., Relation between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and muscle strength and physical function in older women: an observational study. Lancet, 2002. 359(9310): p. 926–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Han, Y., M.S. Runge, and A.R. Brasier, Angiotensin II induces interleukin-6 transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells through pleiotropic activation of nuclear factor-kappa B transcription factors. Circ Res, 1999. 84(6): p. 695–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Vescovo, G., et al., Improved exercise tolerance after losartan and enalapril in heart failure: correlation with changes in skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain composition. Circulation, 1998. 98(17): p. 1742–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Payne, G.W., Effect of inflammation on the aging microcirculation: impact on skeletal muscle blood flow control. Microcirculation, 2006. 13(4): p. 343–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Onder, G., C.D. Vedova, and M. Pahor, Effects of ACE inhibitors on skeletal muscle. Curr Pharm Des, 2006. 12(16): p. 2057–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Haslett, P., et al., The metabolic and immunologie effects of short-term thalidomide treatment of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 1997. 13(12): p. 1047–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Calabrese, L.H., N. Zein, and D. Vassilopoulos, Safety of antitumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in patients with chronic viral infections: hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV infection. Ann Rheum Dis, 2004. 63 Suppl 2: p. ii18-ii24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Robinson, S.M., et al., Diet and its relationship with grip strength in communitydwelling older men and women: the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2008. 56(1): p. 84–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Silventoinen, K., et al., Heritability of body size and muscle strength in young adulthood: a study of one million Swedish men. Genet Epidemiol, 2008. 32(4): p. 341–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Mascher, H., et al., Repeated resistance exercise training induces different changes in mRNA expression of MAFbx and MuRF-1 in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2008. 294(1): p. E43–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Marzetti, E., et al., Effects of short-term GH supplementation and treadmill exercise training on physical performance and skeletal muscle apoptosis in old rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2008. 294(2): p. R558–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Phillips, T. and C. Leeuwenburgh, Muscle fiber specific apoptosis and TNF-alpha signaling in sarcopenia are attenuated by life-long calorie restriction. Faseb J, 2005. 19(6): p. 668–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Semba, R.D., F. Lauretani, and L. Ferrucci, Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2007. 458(2): p. 141–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Inserm, U558, F-31073, Toulouse, France

    Y. Rolland & B. Vellas

  2. University of Toulouse III, F-31073, Toulouse, France

    Y. Rolland & B. Vellas

  3. Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHU Toulouse, F-31059, Toulouse, France

    Y. Rolland, G. Abellan van Kan & B. Vellas

  4. Department of Community Health, Lifespan Health Research Center, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, 45420, OH

    S. Czerwinski & W. M. C. Chumlea

  5. Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St Louis, VA

    J. E. Morley

  6. Medical Center, and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA

    J. E. Morley

  7. Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida - Institute on Aging, Gainesville, FL

    M. Cesari

  8. Department of Gerontological, Geriatric and Physiatric Sciences, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy

    G. Onder

  9. Division of geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics. The Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong-Kong, China

    J. Woo

  10. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 40229, Louisville, Kentucky

    R. Baumgartner

  11. Service d’Exploration de la Fonction Respiratoire et de Medecine du Sport, Hôpital Larrey, TSA 30030, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9

    F. Pillard

  12. UFR Médecine, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, University Clermont 1, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France

    Y. Boirie

  13. Clinical Nutrition Unit, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France

    Y. Boirie

Authors
  1. Y. Rolland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Czerwinski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. Abellan van Kan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. E. Morley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Cesari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. G. Onder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. J. Woo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. R. Baumgartner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. F. Pillard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Y. Boirie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. W. M. C. Chumlea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. B. Vellas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Y. Rolland.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rolland, Y., Czerwinski, S., van Kan, G.A. et al. Sarcopenia: Its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging 12, 433–450 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982704

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982704

Keywords

Search

Navigation