Abstract
Plants have developed mechanisms to resist secondary infection upon inoculation with a necrotizing pathogen, chemical treatment as well as treatment with some non-pathogenic microorganisms such as rhizosphere bacteria. This phenomenon has been variously described as induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance. In the present study, the chemical benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-S-methyl ester (BTH, acibenzolar-S-methyl), and the rhizobacteriaPseudomonas aeruginosa KMPCH andP. fluorescens WCS417 were tested for their ability to induce resistance toColletotrichum lindemuthianum in susceptible and moderately resistant bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). BTH induced local and systemic resistance when bean leaves were immersed in 10−3 to 10−7 M BTH 3 days before the challenge inoculation. At a high concentration (10−3 M), BTH induced resistance of the same order as resistance induced by the pathogenC. lindemuthianum, although at this high concentration BTH appeared to be phytotoxic. Soil and seed treatment with 1 mg kg−1 BTH protected beans against anthracnose. BTH-mediated induced resistance was effective in susceptible and moderately resistant plants.P. aeruginosa KMPCH induced resistance in bean againstC. lindemuthianum only in a moderately resistant interaction. KMPCH-567, a salicylic acid mutant of KMPCH, failed to induce resistance, indicating that salicylic acid is important for KMPCH to induce resistance in the bean—C. lindemuthianum system.P.fluorescens WCS417 could induce resistance toC. lindemuthianum in a susceptible and in moderately resistant interactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Audenaert, K. and Höfte, M. (2000) Mechanisms involved in induced resistance in tomato toBotrytis cinerea byPseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 and its mutants.Meded. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent 65:57–62.
Bigirimana, J., Fontaine, R. and Höfte, M. (2000) Bean anthracnose: virulence ofColletotrichum lindemuthianum isolates from Burundi, Central Africa.Plant Dis. 84:491.
Bigirimana, J. and Höfte, M. (2001) Bean Anthracnose: inoculation methods and influence of plant stage on resistance ofPhaseolus vulgaris cultivars.J. Phytopathol. 149:403–408.
De Meyer, G., Audenaert, K. and Höfte, M. (1999)Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2-induced systemic resistance in tobacco depends onin planta salicylic acid accumulation but is not associated with PR1a expression.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 105:513–517.
De Meyer, G., Capiau, K., Audenaert, K., Buchala, A., Métraux, J.P. and Höfte, M. (1999) Nanogram amounts of salicylic acid produced by the rhizobacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 activate the systemic acquired resistance pathway in bean.Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 12:450–458.
De Meyer, G. and Höfte, M. (1997) Salicylic acid produced by the rhizobacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 induced resistance toBotrytis cinerea leaf infection on bean.Phytopathology 87:588–593.
Friedrich, L., Lawton, K., Ruess, W., Masner, P., Specker, N., Rella, M.G.et al. (1996) A benzothiadiazole derivative induces systemic acquired resistance to tobacco.Plant J. 10:71–82.
Gaffney, T., Friedrich, L., Vermooij, B., Negrotto, D., Nye, G., Uknes, S.et al. (1993) Requirement of salicylic acid for the induction of systemic acquired resistance.Science 261:754–756.
Hammerschmidt, R., Metraux, J.P. and Van Loon, L.C. (2001) Inducing resistance: a summary of papers presented at the First International Symposium on Induced Resistance to Plant Diseases, Corfu, May 2000.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 107:1–6.
Hammerschmidt, R. and Yang-Cashman, P. (1995) Induced resistance in cucurbits.in: Hammerschmidt, R. and Kuć, J. [Eds.] Induced Resistance to Disease in Plants. Developments in Plant Pathology 4. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. pp. 63–85.
Hoffland, E., Hakulien, J. and Van Pelt, J.A. (1996) Comparison of systemic resistance induced by avirulent and non-pathogenicPseudomonas species.Phytopathology 86:757–762.
Höfte, M., Buysens, S., Koedam, N. and Cornelis, P. (1993) Zinc affects siderophore-mediated high affinity iron uptake systems in the rhizospherePseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2.BioMetals 6:85–91.
Kessmann, H., Staub, T., Hoffmann, C., Maetzke, T., Herzog, J., Ward, E.et al. (1994) Induction of systemic acquired resistance in plants by chemicals.Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:439–459.
King, E.O., Ward, M.K. and Raney, D.E. (1954) Two simple media for demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein.J. Lab. Clin. Med. 44:301–307.
Lamers, J.G., Schippers, B. and Geels, F.P. (1988) Soil-borne diseases of wheat in the Netherlands and results of seed bacterization with pseudomonads againstGaeumannomyces graminis var.tricici.in: Jorna, M.L. and Slootmaker, L.A.J. [Eds.] Cereal Breeding Related to Integrated Cereal Production. PUDOC, Wageningen, the Netherlands. pp. 134–139.
Liu, L., Kloepper, J.W. and Tuzun, S. (1995) Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber against Fusarium wilt by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.Phytopathology 85:695–698.
Liu, L., Kloepper, J.W. and Tuzun, S. (1995) Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: duration of protection and effect of host resistance on protection and root colonization.Phytopathology 85:1064–1068.
MacIntyre, J.L., Dodds, J.A. and Hare, J.D. (1981) Effects of localized infections ofNicotiana tabacum by tobacco mosaic virus on systemic resistance against diverse pathogens and an insect.Phytopathology 71:297–301.
Malamy, J., Carr, J.P., Klessig, D.F. and Raskin, I. (1990) Salicylic acid: a likely endogenous signal in the resistance response of tobacco to viral infection.Science 250:1002–1004.
Mathur, R.S., Barnett, H.L. and Lilly, V.G. (1950) Sporulation ofColletotrichum lindemuthianum in culture.Phytopathology 40:104–114.
Maurhofer, M., Reimmann, C., Schmidli-Sacherer, P., Heeb, S., Haas, D. and Défago, G. (1998) Salicylic acid biosynthetic genes expressed inPseudomonas fluorescens P3 improve the induction of systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis virus.Phytopathology 88:678–684.
Oostendorp, M., Kunz, W., Dietrich, B. and Staub, T. (2001) Induced disease resistance in plants by chemicals.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 107:19–28.
Pieterse, C.M.J., Van Pelt, J.A., Van Wees, S.C.M., Ton, J., Léon-Kloosterziel, K.M., Keurentjes, J.J.B.et al. (2001) Rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance: triggering, signalling and expression.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 107:51–61.
Pieterse, C.M.J., Van Wees, S.C.M., Hoffland, E. and Van Pelt, J.A. (1996) Systemic resistance inArabidopsis induced by biocontrol bacteria is independant of salicylic acid accumulation and pathogenesis-related gene expression.Plant Cell 8:1225–1237.
Pieterse, C.M.J., Van Wees, S.C.M., Van Pelt, J.A., Knoester, M., Laan, R., Gerrits, H.et al. (1998) A novel signal transduction pathway controlling induced systemic resistance inArabidopsis.Plant Cell 10:1571–1580.
Siegrist, J., Glenewinkel, D., Kolle, C. and Schmidtke, M. (1997) Chemically induced resistance in green bean against bacterial and fungal pathogens.J. Plant Dis. Prot. 104:599–610.
Tally, A., Oostendorp, M., Lawton, K., Staub, T. and Bassi, B. (1999) Commercial development of elicitors of induced resistance to pathogens.in: Agrawal, A.A., Tuzun, S. and Bent, E. [Eds.] Induced Plant Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. pp. 357–369.
Ton, J., Pieterse, C.M.J. and Van Loon, L.C. (1999) Identification of a locus inArabidopsis controlling both the expression of rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) and basal resistance againstPseudomonas syringae pv.tomato.Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 12:911–918.
Van Loon, L.C., Bakker, P.A.H.M. and Pieterse, C.M.J. (1998) Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria.Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 36:453–483.
Van Peer, R., Niemann, G.J. and Schippers, B. (1991) Induced resistance and phytoalexin accumulation in biological control of Fusarium wilt of carnation byPseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r.Phytopathology 81:728–734.
Ward, E.R., Ukness, S.J., Williams, S.C., Dincher, S.S., Wiederhold, D.L., Alexander, D.C.et al. (1991) Coordinate gene activity in response to agents that induce systemic acquired resistance.Plant Cell 3:1085–1094.
Wei, G., Kloepper, J.W. and Tuzun, S. (1991) Induction of systemic resistance of cucumber toColletotrichum orbiculare by selected strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.Phytopathology 81:1508–1512.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 16, 2002.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bigirimana, J., Höfte, M. Induction of systemic resistance toColletotrichum lindemuthianum in bean by a benzothiadiazole derivative and rhizobacteria. Phytoparasitica 30, 159–168 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979698
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979698